Background: More attention is paid to calf appearance, both in males and females, and several surgical techniques are available. Different studies have been published over time for calf augmentation, but, to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive literature review and complications analysis have been published.Objectives: The aim of the study is to analyse the overall complication rate of calf augmentation surgical procedures and complication rates associated with the investigated techniques, namely subfascial implant placement, submuscular implant placement and fat grafting or lipofilling.