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Extreme warmth and heat-stressed plankton in the tropics during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.

Authors:
Joost Frieling Holger Gebhardt Matthew Huber Olabisi A Adekeye Samuel O Akande Gert-Jan Reichart Jack J Middelburg Stefan Schouten Appy Sluijs

Sci Adv 2017 Mar 3;3(3):e1600891. Epub 2017 Mar 3.

Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584CS Utrecht, Netherlands.

Global ocean temperatures rapidly warmed by ~5°C during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ~56 million years ago). Extratropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) met or exceeded modern subtropical values. With these warm extratropical temperatures, climate models predict tropical SSTs >35°C-near upper physiological temperature limits for many organisms. However, few data are available to test these projected extreme tropical temperatures or their potential lethality. We identify the PETM in a shallow marine sedimentary section deposited in Nigeria. On the basis of planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and oxygen isotope ratios and the molecular proxy [Formula: see text], latest Paleocene equatorial SSTs were ~33°C, and [Formula: see text] indicates that SSTs rose to >36°C during the PETM. This confirms model predictions on the magnitude of polar amplification and refutes the tropical thermostat theory. We attribute a massive drop in dinoflagellate abundance and diversity at peak warmth to thermal stress, showing that the base of tropical food webs is vulnerable to rapid warming.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600891DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5336354PMC
March 2017

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