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Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Authors:
Christina Fitzmaurice Christine Allen Ryan M Barber Lars Barregard Zulfiqar A Bhutta Hermann Brenner Daniel J Dicker Odgerel Chimed-Orchir Rakhi Dandona Lalit Dandona Tom Fleming Mohammad H Forouzanfar Jamie Hancock Roderick J Hay Rachel Hunter-Merrill Chantal Huynh H Dean Hosgood Catherine O Johnson Jost B Jonas Jagdish Khubchandani G Anil Kumar Michael Kutz Qing Lan Heidi J Larson Xiaofeng Liang Stephen S Lim Alan D Lopez Michael F MacIntyre Laurie Marczak Neal Marquez Ali H Mokdad Christine Pinho Farshad Pourmalek Joshua A Salomon Juan Ramon Sanabria Logan Sandar Benn Sartorius Stephen M Schwartz Katya A Shackelford Kenji Shibuya Jeff Stanaway Caitlyn Steiner Jiandong Sun Ken Takahashi Stein Emil Vollset Theo Vos Joseph A Wagner Haidong Wang Ronny Westerman Hajo Zeeb Leo Zoeckler Foad Abd-Allah Muktar Beshir Ahmed Samer Alabed Noore K Alam Saleh Fahed Aldhahri Girma Alem Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu Raghib Ali Rajaa Al-Raddadi Azmeraw Amare Yaw Amoako Al Artaman Hamid Asayesh Niguse Atnafu Ashish Awasthi Huda Ba Saleem Aleksandra Barac Neeraj Bedi Isabela Bensenor Adugnaw Berhane Eduardo Bernabé Balem Betsu Agnes Binagwaho Dube Boneya Ismael Campos-Nonato Carlos Castañeda-Orjuela Ferrán Catalá-López Peggy Chiang Chioma Chibueze Abdulaal Chitheer Jee-Young Choi Benjamin Cowie Solomon Damtew José das Neves Suhojit Dey Samath Dharmaratne Preet Dhillon Eric Ding Tim Driscoll Donatus Ekwueme Aman Yesuf Endries Maryam Farvid Farshad Farzadfar Joao Fernandes Florian Fischer Tsegaye Tewelde G/Hiwot Alemseged Gebru Sameer Gopalani Alemayehu Hailu Masako Horino Nobuyuki Horita Abdullatif Husseini Inge Huybrechts Manami Inoue Farhad Islami Mihajlo Jakovljevic Spencer James Mehdi Javanbakht Sun Ha Jee Amir Kasaeian Muktar Sano Kedir Yousef S Khader Young-Ho Khang Daniel Kim James Leigh Shai Linn Raimundas Lunevicius Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek Reza Malekzadeh Deborah Carvalho Malta Wagner Marcenes Desalegn Markos Yohannes A Melaku Kidanu G Meles Walter Mendoza Desalegn Tadese Mengiste Tuomo J Meretoja Ted R Miller Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad Alireza Mohammadi Shafiu Mohammed Maziar Moradi-Lakeh Gabriele Nagel Devina Nand Quyen Le Nguyen Sandra Nolte Felix A Ogbo Kelechi E Oladimeji Eyal Oren Mahesh Pa Eun-Kee Park David M Pereira Dietrich Plass Mostafa Qorbani Amir Radfar Anwar Rafay Mahfuzar Rahman Saleem M Rana Kjetil Søreide Maheswar Satpathy Monika Sawhney Sadaf G Sepanlou Masood Ali Shaikh Jun She Ivy Shiue Hirbo Roba Shore Mark G Shrime Samuel So Samir Soneji Vasiliki Stathopoulou Konstantinos Stroumpoulis Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan Bryan L Sykes Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos Fentaw Tadese Bemnet Amare Tedla Gizachew Assefa Tessema J S Thakur Bach Xuan Tran Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov Elisabete Weiderpass Mamo Wubshet Terefe Henock Gebremedhin Yebyo Hassen Hamid Yimam Naohiro Yonemoto Mustafa Z Younis Chuanhua Yu Zoubida Zaidi Maysaa El Sayed Zaki Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe Christopher J L Murray Mohsen Naghavi

JAMA Oncol 2017 Apr;3(4):524-548

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.

Importance: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning.

Objective: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015.

Evidence Review: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results.

Findings: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant.

Conclusion And Relevance: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6103527PMC
April 2017

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