Publications by authors named "Marja-Riitta Taskinen"

211 Publications

Relationship between de novo lipogenesis and serum sex hormone binding globulin in humans.

Authors:
Pomme I H G Simons Olivier Valkenburg Ine Telgenkamp Koen M van der Waaij David M de Groot Pandichelvam Veeraiah Judith A P Bons Marja-Riitta Taskinen Jan Borén Patrick Schrauwen Joost H W Rutten David Cassiman Casper G Schalkwijk Coen D A Stehouwer Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling Leanne Hodson Martijn C G J Brouwers

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021 Mar 14. Epub 2021 Mar 14.

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Objective: Obesity and liver fat are associated with decreased levels of serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Laboratory studies suggest that hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is involved in the downregulation of SHBG synthesis. The aim of the present study was to address the role of DNL on serum SHBG in humans.

Design: A cross-sectional study examining the association between DNL, measured by stable isotopes, and serum SHBG, stratified by sex.

Participants: Healthy men (n = 34) and women (n = 21) were combined from two cross-sectional studies. Forty-two per cent of participants had hepatic steatosis, and the majority were overweight (62%) or obese (27%).

Results: DNL was inversely associated with SHBG in women (β: -0.015, 95% CI: -0.030; 0.000), but not in men (β: 0.007, 95% CI: -0.005; 0.019) (p for interaction = .068). Adjustment for study population, age and body mass index did not materially change these results, although statistical significance was lost after adjustment for serum insulin.

Conclusions: An inverse association between DNL and SHBG may explain the decreased SHBG levels that are observed in obesity, at least in women.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen.14459DOI Listing
March 2021

Effects of liraglutide on the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in type 2 diabetes.

Authors:
Marja-Riitta Taskinen Elias Björnson Niina Matikainen Sanni Söderlund Kirsi H Pietiläinen Mari Ainola Antti Hakkarainen Nina Lundbom Johannes Fuchs Annika Thorsell Linda Andersson Martin Adiels Chris J Packard Jan Borén

Diabetes Obes Metab 2021 May 5;23(5):1191-1201. Epub 2021 Mar 5.

Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Aim: To elucidate the impact of liraglutide on the kinetics of apolipoprotein (apo)B48- and apoB100-containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) after a single fat-rich meal.

Materials And Methods: Subjects with T2D were included in a study to investigate postprandial apoB48 and apoB100 metabolism before and after 16 weeks on l.8 mg/day liraglutide (n = 14) or placebo (n = 4). Stable isotope tracer and compartmental modelling techniques were used to determine the impact of liraglutide on chylomicron and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production and clearance after a single fat-rich meal.

Results: Liraglutide reduced apoB48 synthesis in chylomicrons by 60% (p < .0001) and increased the triglyceride/apoB48 ratio (i.e. the size) of chylomicrons (p < .001). Direct clearance of chylomicrons, a quantitatively significant pathway pretreatment, decreased by 90% on liraglutide (p < .001). Liraglutide also reduced VLDL -triglyceride secretion (p = .017) in parallel with reduced liver fat. Chylomicron-apoB48 production and particle size were related to insulin sensitivity (p = .015 and p < .001, respectively), but these associations were perturbed by liraglutide.

Conclusions: In a physiologically relevant setting that mirrored regular feeding in subjects with T2D, liraglutide promoted potentially beneficial changes on postprandial apoB48 metabolism. Using our data in an integrated metabolic model, we describe how the action of liraglutide in T2D on chylomicron and VLDL kinetics could lead to decreased generation of remnant lipoproteins.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dom.14328DOI Listing
May 2021

The dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, tirzepatide, improves lipoprotein biomarkers associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Authors:
Jonathan M Wilson Amir Nikooienejad Deborah A Robins William C Roell Jeffrey S Riesmeyer Axel Haupt Kevin L Duffin Marja-Riitta Taskinen Giacomo Ruotolo

Diabetes Obes Metab 2020 12 15;22(12):2451-2459. Epub 2020 Sep 15.

Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

Aim: To better understand the marked decrease in serum triglycerides observed with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes, additional lipoprotein-related biomarkers were measured post hoc in available samples from the same study.

Materials And Methods: Patients were randomized to receive once-weekly subcutaneous tirzepatide (1, 5, 10 or 15 mg), dulaglutide (1.5 mg) or placebo. Serum lipoprotein profile, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, B and C-III and preheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were measured at baseline and at 4, 12 and 26 weeks. Lipoprotein particle profile by nuclear magnetic resonance was assessed at baseline and 26 weeks. The lipoprotein insulin resistance (LPIR) score was calculated.

Results: At 26 weeks, tirzepatide dose-dependently decreased apoB and apoC-III levels, and increased serum preheparin LPL compared with placebo. Tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg decreased large triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles (TRLP), small low-density lipoprotein particles (LDLP) and LPIR score compared with both placebo and dulaglutide. Treatment with dulaglutide also reduced apoB and apoC-III levels but had no effect on either serum LPL or large TRLP, small LDLP and LPIR score. The number of total LDLP was also decreased with tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg compared with placebo. A greater reduction in apoC-III with tirzepatide was observed in patients with high compared with normal baseline triglycerides. At 26 weeks, change in apoC-III, but not body weight, was the best predictor of changes in triglycerides with tirzepatide, explaining up to 22.9% of their variability.

Conclusions: Tirzepatide treatment dose-dependently decreased levels of apoC-III and apoB and the number of large TRLP and small LDLP, suggesting a net improvement in atherogenic lipoprotein profile.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dom.14174DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7756479PMC
December 2020

Effects of Evolocumab on the Postprandial Kinetics of Apo (Apolipoprotein) B100- and B48-Containing Lipoproteins in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes.

Authors:
Marja-Riitta Taskinen Elias Björnson Juhani Kahri Sanni Söderlund Niina Matikainen Kimmo Porthan Mari Ainola Antti Hakkarainen Nina Lundbom Valentina Fermanelli Johannes Fuchs Annika Thorsell Florian Kronenberg Linda Andersson Martin Adiels Chris J Packard Jan Borén

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021 Feb 24;41(2):962-975. Epub 2020 Dec 24.

Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (E.B., L.A., M. Adiels, J.B.), University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

Objective: Increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes is linked to elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants. The metabolic effects of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9) inhibitors on this dyslipidemia were investigated using stable-isotope-labeled tracers. Approach and Results: Triglyceride transport and the metabolism of apos (apolipoproteins) B48, B100, C-III, and E after a fat-rich meal were investigated before and on evolocumab treatment in 13 subjects with type 2 diabetes. Kinetic parameters were determined for the following: apoB48 in chylomicrons; triglyceride in VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and VLDL; and apoB100 in VLDL, VLDL, IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein), and LDL (low-density lipoprotein). Evolocumab did not alter the kinetics of apoB48 in chylomicrons or apoB100 or triglyceride in VLDL. In contrast, the fractional catabolic rates of VLDL-apoB100 and VLDL-triglyceride were both increased by about 45%, which led to a 28% fall in the VLDL plasma level. LDL-apoB100 was markedly reduced by evolocumab, which was linked to metabolic heterogeneity in this fraction. Evolocumab increased clearance of the more rapidly metabolized LDL by 61% and decreased production of the more slowly cleared LDL by 75%. ApoC-III kinetics were not altered by evolocumab, but the apoE fractional catabolic rates increased by 45% and the apoE plasma level fell by 33%. The apoE fractional catabolic rates was associated with the decrease in VLDL- and IDL-apoB100 concentrations.

Conclusions: Evolocumab had only minor effects on lipoproteins that are involved in triglyceride transport (chylomicrons and VLDL) but, in contrast, had a profound impact on lipoproteins that carry cholesterol (VLDL, IDL, LDL). Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02948777.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315446DOI Listing
February 2021

High-resolution population-specific recombination rates and their effect on phasing and genotype imputation.

Authors:
Shabbeer Hassan Ida Surakka Marja-Riitta Taskinen Veikko Salomaa Aarno Palotie Maija Wessman Taru Tukiainen Matti Pirinen Priit Palta Samuli Ripatti

Eur J Hum Genet 2021 Apr 28;29(4):615-624. Epub 2020 Nov 28.

Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Previous research has shown that using population-specific reference panels has a significant effect on downstream population genomic analyses like haplotype phasing, genotype imputation, and association, especially in the context of population isolates. Here, we developed a high-resolution recombination rate mapping at 10 and 50 kb scale using high-coverage (20-30×) whole-genome sequenced data of 55 family trios from Finland and compared it to recombination rates of non-Finnish Europeans (NFE). We tested the downstream effects of the population-specific recombination rates in statistical phasing and genotype imputation in Finns as compared to the same analyses performed by using the NFE-based recombination rates. We found that Finnish recombination rates have a moderately high correlation (Spearman's ρ = 0.67-0.79) with NFE, although on average (across all autosomal chromosomes), Finnish rates (2.268 ± 0.4209 cM/Mb) are 12-14% lower than NFE (2.641 ± 0.5032 cM/Mb). Finnish recombination map was found to have no significant effect in haplotype phasing accuracy (switch error rates ~2%) and average imputation concordance rates (97-98% for common, 92-96% for low frequency and 78-90% for rare variants). Our results suggest that haplotype phasing and genotype imputation mostly depend on population-specific contexts like appropriate reference panels and their sample size, but not on population-specific recombination maps. Even though recombination rate estimates had some differences between the Finnish and NFE populations, haplotyping and imputation had not been noticeably affected by the recombination map used. Therefore, the currently available HapMap recombination maps seem robust for population-specific phasing and imputation pipelines, even in the context of relatively isolated populations like Finland.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-00768-8DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8114909PMC
April 2021

Effects of TM6SF2 E167K on hepatic lipid and very low-density lipoprotein metabolism in humans.

Authors:
Jan Borén Martin Adiels Elias Björnson Niina Matikainen Sanni Söderlund Joel Rämö Marcus Ståhlman Pietari Ripatti Samuli Ripatti Aarno Palotie Rosellina M Mancina Antti Hakkarainen Stefano Romeo Chris J Packard Marja-Riitta Taskinen

JCI Insight 2020 12 17;5(24). Epub 2020 Dec 17.

Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation. The transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) E167K genetic variant associates with NAFLD and with reduced plasma triglyceride levels in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. We hypothesized that TM6SF2 E167K affects hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion and studied the kinetics of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) and triglyceride metabolism in VLDL in homozygous subjects. In 10 homozygote TM6SF2 E167K carriers and 10 matched controls, we employed stable-isotope tracer and compartmental modeling techniques to determine apoB100 and triglyceride kinetics in the 2 major VLDL subfractions: large triglyceride-rich VLDL1 and smaller, less triglyceride-rich VLDL2. VLDL1-apoB100 production was markedly reduced in homozygote TM6SF2 E167K carriers compared with controls. Likewise, VLDL1-triglyceride production was 35% lower in the TM6SF2 E167K carriers. In contrast, the direct production rates for VLDL2-apoB100 and triglyceride were not different between carriers and controls. In conclusion, the TM6SF2 E167K genetic variant was linked to a specific reduction in hepatic secretion of large triglyceride-rich VLDL1. The impaired secretion of VLDL1 explains the reduced plasma triglyceride concentration and provides a basis for understanding the lower risk of cardiovascular disease associated with the TM6SF2 E167K genetic variant.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.144079DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7819740PMC
December 2020

The Roles of ApoC-III on the Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Humans.

Authors:
Jan Borén Chris J Packard Marja-Riitta Taskinen

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020 28;11:474. Epub 2020 Jul 28.

Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. It is well-established based on evidence accrued during the last three decades that high plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich atherogenic lipoproteins are causatively linked to CVD, and that lowering these reduces atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in humans (1-9). Historically, most attention has been on low-density lipoproteins (LDL) since these are the most abundant atherogenic lipoproteins in the circulation, and thus the main carrier of cholesterol into the artery wall. However, with the rise of obesity and insulin resistance in many populations, there is increasing interest in the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their metabolic remnants, with accumulating evidence showing they too are causatively linked to CVD. Plasma triglyceride, measured either in the fasting or non-fasting state, is a useful index of the abundance of TRLs and recent research into the biology and genetics of triglyceride heritability has provided new insight into the causal relationship of TRLs with CVD. Of the genetic factors known to influence plasma triglyceride levels variation in - the gene for apolipoprotein (apo) C-III - has emerged as being particularly important as a regulator of triglyceride transport and a novel therapeutic target to reduce dyslipidaemia and CVD risk (10).
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00474DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7399058PMC
July 2020

Liver nucleotide biosynthesis is linked to protection from vascular complications in individuals with long-term type 1 diabetes.

Authors:
Ruchi Jain Türküler Özgümüş Troels Mygind Jensen Elsa du Plessis Magdalena Keindl Cathrine Laustrup Møller Henrik Falhammar Thomas Nyström Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina Gun Jörneskog Leon Eyrich Jessen Carol Forsblom Jani K Haukka Per-Henrik Groop Peter Rossing Leif Groop Mats Eliasson Björn Eliasson Kerstin Brismar Mahmoud Al-Majdoub Peter M Nilsson Marja-Riitta Taskinen Ele Ferrannini Peter Spégel Tore Julsrud Berg Valeriya Lyssenko

Sci Rep 2020 07 14;10(1):11561. Epub 2020 Jul 14.

Department of Clinical Science/Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.

Identification of biomarkers associated with protection from developing diabetic complications is a prerequisite for an effective prevention and treatment. The aim of the present study was to identify clinical and plasma metabolite markers associated with freedom from vascular complications in people with very long duration of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Individuals with T1D, who despite having longer than 30 years of diabetes duration never developed major macro- or microvascular complications (non-progressors; NP) were compared with those who developed vascular complications within 25 years from diabetes onset (rapid progressors; RP) in the Scandinavian PROLONG (n = 385) and DIALONG (n = 71) cohorts. The DIALONG study also included 75 healthy controls. Plasma metabolites were measured using gas and/or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Lower hepatic fatty liver indices were significant common feature characterized NPs in both studies. Higher insulin sensitivity and residual ß-cell function (C-peptide) were also associated with NPs in PROLONG. Protection from diabetic complications was associated with lower levels of the glycolytic metabolite pyruvate and APOCIII in PROLONG, and with lower levels of thiamine monophosphate and erythritol, a cofactor and intermediate product in the pentose phosphate pathway as well as higher phenylalanine, glycine and serine in DIALONG. Furthermore, T1D individuals showed elevated levels of picolinic acid as compared to the healthy individuals. The present findings suggest a potential beneficial shunting of glycolytic substrates towards the pentose phosphate and one carbon metabolism pathways to promote nucleotide biosynthesis in the liver. These processes might be linked to higher insulin sensitivity and lower liver fat content, and might represent a mechanism for protection from vascular complications in individuals with long-term T1D.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68130-yDOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7360755PMC
July 2020

Niacin Cures Systemic NAD Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy.

Authors:
Eija Pirinen Mari Auranen Nahid A Khan Virginia Brilhante Niina Urho Alberto Pessia Antti Hakkarainen Juho Kuula Ulla Heinonen Mark S Schmidt Kimmo Haimilahti Päivi Piirilä Nina Lundbom Marja-Riitta Taskinen Charles Brenner Vidya Velagapudi Kirsi H Pietiläinen Anu Suomalainen

Cell Metab 2020 Jul;32(1):144

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.020DOI Listing
July 2020

Causes and Consequences of Hypertriglyceridemia.

Authors:
Chris J Packard Jan Boren Marja-Riitta Taskinen

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020 14;11:252. Epub 2020 May 14.

Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Elevations in plasma triglyceride are the result of overproduction and impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins-very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons. Hypertriglyceridemia is characterized by an accumulation in the circulation of large VLDL-VLDL-and its lipolytic products, and throughout the VLDL-LDL delipidation cascade perturbations occur that give rise to increased concentrations of remnant lipoproteins and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The elevated risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in hypertriglyceridemia is believed to result from the exposure of the artery wall to these aberrant lipoprotein species. Key regulators of the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins have been identified and a number of these are targets for pharmacological intervention. However, a clear picture is yet to emerge as to how to relate triglyceride lowering to reduced risk of atherosclerosis.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00252DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7239992PMC
May 2020

Niacin Cures Systemic NAD Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy.

Authors:
Eija Pirinen Mari Auranen Nahid A Khan Virginia Brilhante Niina Urho Alberto Pessia Antti Hakkarainen Juho Kuula Ulla Heinonen Mark S Schmidt Kimmo Haimilahti Päivi Piirilä Nina Lundbom Marja-Riitta Taskinen Charles Brenner Vidya Velagapudi Kirsi H Pietiläinen Anu Suomalainen

Cell Metab 2020 06 7;31(6):1078-1090.e5. Epub 2020 May 7.

Research Program of Stem Cells and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; HUSlab, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Neuroscience Center, HiLife, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland. Electronic address:

NAD is a redox-active metabolite, the depletion of which has been proposed to promote aging and degenerative diseases in rodents. However, whether NAD depletion occurs in patients with degenerative disorders and whether NAD repletion improves their symptoms has remained open. Here, we report systemic NAD deficiency in adult-onset mitochondrial myopathy patients. We administered an increasing dose of NAD-booster niacin, a vitamin B3 form (to 750-1,000 mg/day; clinicaltrials.govNCT03973203) for patients and their matched controls for 10 or 4 months, respectively. Blood NAD increased in all subjects, up to 8-fold, and muscle NAD of patients reached the level of their controls. Some patients showed anemia tendency, while muscle strength and mitochondrial biogenesis increased in all subjects. In patients, muscle metabolome shifted toward controls and liver fat decreased even 50%. Our evidence indicates that blood analysis is useful in identifying NAD deficiency and points niacin to be an efficient NAD booster for treating mitochondrial myopathy.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.008DOI Listing
June 2020

The acute effect of metabolic cofactor supplementation: a potential therapeutic strategy against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Authors:
Cheng Zhang Elias Bjornson Muhammad Arif Abdellah Tebani Alen Lovric Rui Benfeitas Mehmet Ozcan Kajetan Juszczak Woonghee Kim Jung Tae Kim Gholamreza Bidkhori Marcus Ståhlman Per-Olof Bergh Martin Adiels Hasan Turkez Marja-Riitta Taskinen Jim Bosley Hanns-Ulrich Marschall Jens Nielsen Mathias Uhlén Jan Borén Adil Mardinoglu

Mol Syst Biol 2020 04;16(4):e9495

Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) continues to increase dramatically, and there is no approved medication for its treatment. Recently, we predicted the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of NAFLD using network analysis and identified metabolic cofactors that might be beneficial as supplements to decrease human liver fat. Here, we first assessed the tolerability of the combined metabolic cofactors including l-serine, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and l-carnitine by performing a 7-day rat toxicology study. Second, we performed a human calibration study by supplementing combined metabolic cofactors and a control study to study the kinetics of these metabolites in the plasma of healthy subjects with and without supplementation. We measured clinical parameters and observed no immediate side effects. Next, we generated plasma metabolomics and inflammatory protein markers data to reveal the acute changes associated with the supplementation of the metabolic cofactors. We also integrated metabolomics data using personalized genome-scale metabolic modeling and observed that such supplementation significantly affects the global human lipid, amino acid, and antioxidant metabolism. Finally, we predicted blood concentrations of these compounds during daily long-term supplementation by generating an ordinary differential equation model and liver concentrations of serine by generating a pharmacokinetic model and finally adjusted the doses of individual metabolic cofactors for future human clinical trials.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/msb.209495DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7184219PMC
April 2020

Hepatic saturated fatty acid fraction is associated with de novo lipogenesis and hepatic insulin resistance.

Authors:
Kay H M Roumans Lucas Lindeboom Pandichelvam Veeraiah Carlijn M E Remie Esther Phielix Bas Havekes Yvonne M H Bruls Martijn C G J Brouwers Marcus Ståhlman Marjan Alssema Harry P F Peters Renée de Mutsert Bart Staels Marja-Riitta Taskinen Jan Borén Patrick Schrauwen Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling

Nat Commun 2020 04 20;11(1):1891. Epub 2020 Apr 20.

Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. BOX 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Hepatic steatosis is associated with poor cardiometabolic health, with de novo lipogenesis (DNL) contributing to hepatic steatosis and subsequent insulin resistance. Hepatic saturated fatty acids (SFA) may be a marker of DNL and are suggested to be most detrimental in contributing to insulin resistance. Here, we show in a cross-sectional study design (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03211299) that we are able to distinguish the fractions of hepatic SFA, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy and metabolically compromised volunteers using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS). DNL is positively associated with SFA fraction and is elevated in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver and type 2 diabetes. Intriguingly, SFA fraction shows a strong, negative correlation with hepatic insulin sensitivity. Our results show that the hepatic lipid composition, as determined by our H-MRS methodology, is a measure of DNL and suggest that specifically the SFA fraction may hamper hepatic insulin sensitivity.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15684-0DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170906PMC
April 2020

Uric acid predicts long-term cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes but does not mediate the benefits of fenofibrate: The FIELD study.

Authors:
Jacob Y Cao Boris Waldman Rachel O'Connell David R Sullivan Russell S Scott Nanda Aryal Val Gebski Ian Marschner Marja-Riitta Taskinen John R Simes Neil McGill Alicia J Jenkins Anthony C Keech

Diabetes Obes Metab 2020 08 22;22(8):1388-1396. Epub 2020 Apr 22.

National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Aim: To explore the relationship between baseline uric acid (UA) levels and long-term cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to determine whether the cardioprotective effects of fenofibrate are partly mediated through its UA-lowering effects.

Methods: Data from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) trial were utilized, comprising 9795 adults with T2D randomly allocated to treatment with fenofibrate or matching placebo. Plasma UA was measured before and after a 6-week, active fenofibrate run-in phase in all participants. Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the relationships between baseline UA, pre-to-post run-in reductions in UA and long-term cardiovascular outcomes.

Results: Mean baseline plasma UA was 0.33 mmol/L (SD 0.08). Baseline UA was a significant predictor of long-term cardiovascular events, with every 0.1 mmol/L higher UA conferring a 21% increase in event rate (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.13-1.29, P < .001). This remained significant after adjustment for treatment allocation, cardiovascular risk factors and renal function. The extent of UA reduction during fenofibrate run-in was also a significant predictor of long-term cardiovascular events, with every 0.1 mmol/L greater reduction conferring a 14% lower long-term risk (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.97, P = .015). This effect was not modified by treatment allocation (P = .77).

Conclusions: UA is a strong independent predictor of long-term cardiovascular risk in adults with T2D. Although greater reduction in UA on fenofibrate is predictive of lower cardiovascular risk, this does not appear to mediate the cardioprotective effects of fenofibrate.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dom.14046DOI Listing
August 2020

Polygenic Hyperlipidemias and Coronary Artery Disease Risk.

Authors:
Pietari Ripatti Joel T Rämö Nina J Mars Yu Fu Jake Lin Sanni Söderlund Christian Benner Ida Surakka Tuomo Kiiskinen Aki S Havulinna Priit Palta Nelson B Freimer Elisabeth Widén Veikko Salomaa Taru Tukiainen Matti Pirinen Aarno Palotie Marja-Riitta Taskinen Samuli Ripatti

Circ Genom Precis Med 2020 04 10;13(2):e002725. Epub 2020 Mar 10.

Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE) (P.R., J.T.R., N.J.M., Y.F., J.L., C.B., I.S., T.K., A.S.H., P.P., E.W., T.T., M.P., A.P., S.R.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Background: Hyperlipidemia is a highly heritable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). While monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia associates with severely increased CAD risk, it remains less clear to what extent a high polygenic load of a large number of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (LDL-C) or triglyceride (TG)-increasing variants associates with increased CAD risk.

Methods: We derived polygenic risk scores (PRSs) with ≈6M variants separately for LDL-C and TG with weights from a UK Biobank-based genome-wide association study with ≈324K samples. We evaluated the impact of polygenic hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia to lipid levels in 27 039 individuals from the National FINRISK Study (FINRISK) cohort and to CAD risk in 135 638 individuals (13 753 CAD cases) from the FinnGen project (FinnGen).

Results: In FINRISK, median LDL-C was 3.39 (95% CI, 3.38-3.40) mmol/L, and it ranged from 2.87 (95% CI, 2.82-2.94) to 3.78 (95% CI, 3.71-3.83) mmol/L between the lowest and highest 5% of the LDL-C PRS distribution. Median TG was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.18-1.20) mmol/L, ranging from 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94-1.00) to 1.55 (95% CI, 1.48-1.61) mmol/L with the TG PRS. In FinnGen, comparing the highest 5% of the PRS to the lowest 95%, CAD odds ratio was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.24-1.49) for the LDL-C PRS and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.19-1.43) for the TG PRS. These estimates were only slightly attenuated when adjusting for a CAD PRS (odds ratio, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.16-1.38] for LDL-C and 1.24 [95% CI, 1.13-1.36] for TG PRS).

Conclusions: The CAD risk associated with a high polygenic load for lipid-increasing variants was proportional to their impact on lipid levels and partially overlapping with a CAD PRS. In contrast with a PRS for CAD, the lipid PRSs point to known and directly modifiable risk factors providing additional guidance for clinical translation.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGEN.119.002725DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7176338PMC
April 2020

Triglyceride concentrations and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment in the ODYSSEY phase 3 trials with alirocumab.

Authors:
Antonio J Vallejo-Vaz Lawrence A Leiter Stefano Del Prato Marja-Riitta Taskinen Dirk Müller-Wieland Maja Bujas-Bobanovic Alexia Letierce Jonas Mandel Rita Samuel Kausik K Ray

Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020 10 23;27(15):1663-1674. Epub 2020 Feb 23.

Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Imperial College, UK.

Aims: Guidelines recommend targeting non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular risk. We assessed the impact of baseline triglycerides on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment in 10 phase 3 trials with alirocumab versus control ( = 4983).

Methods: Trials were grouped into four pools based on alirocumab dose (75-150 mg every 2 weeks), control (placebo/ezetimibe) and statin use. Baseline triglyceride quintiles were built within each pool. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment (very high risk: <100 mg/dl; moderate/high risk: <130 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment (very high risk: <70 mg/dl; moderate/high risk: <100 mg/dl) and changes from baseline in lipid parameters were assessed at Week 24 among baseline triglyceride quintiles.

Results: Higher baseline triglycerides were associated with a worse cardiovascular risk profile. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased with higher triglycerides, but the magnitude in non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was three- to four-fold higher compared with the increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol percentage reductions from baseline with alirocumab were similar regardless of baseline triglycerides. A greater proportion of alirocumab-treated patients attained non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals compared with placebo or ezetimibe. Unlike low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment significantly declined with increasing baseline triglycerides ( < 0.05 for trend tests). A single standard deviation increase in baseline log(triglycerides) was significantly associated with lower odds ratios of attaining non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals in the different pools and treatment (alirocumab/placebo/ezetimibe) groups, unlike low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment.

Conclusion: Individuals with increased triglycerides have higher non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and lower rates of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment (unlike low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment). Alirocumab improves non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment in this population. These results highlight the impact of triglycerides on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the need for novel therapies targeting triglyceride-related pathways.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487320905185DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7549294PMC
October 2020

Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel.

Authors:
Jan Borén M John Chapman Ronald M Krauss Chris J Packard Jacob F Bentzon Christoph J Binder Mat J Daemen Linda L Demer Robert A Hegele Stephen J Nicholls Børge G Nordestgaard Gerald F Watts Eric Bruckert Sergio Fazio Brian A Ference Ian Graham Jay D Horton Ulf Landmesser Ulrich Laufs Luis Masana Gerard Pasterkamp Frederick J Raal Kausik K Ray Heribert Schunkert Marja-Riitta Taskinen Bart van de Sluis Olov Wiklund Lale Tokgozoglu Alberico L Catapano Henry N Ginsberg

Eur Heart J 2020 06;41(24):2313-2330

Department of Medicine, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7308544PMC
June 2020

Impact of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition with evolocumab on the postprandial responses of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in type II diabetic subjects.

Authors:
Marja-Riitta Taskinen Elias Björnson Linda Andersson Juhani Kahri Kimmo Porthan Niina Matikainen Sanni Söderlund Kirsi Pietiläinen Antti Hakkarainen Nina Lundbom Ralf Nilsson Marcus Ståhlman Martin Adiels Paolo Parini Chris Packard Jan Borén

J Clin Lipidol 2020 Jan - Feb;14(1):77-87. Epub 2019 Dec 12.

Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address:

Background: Monoclonal antibodies to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) significantly lower the levels of low-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), but their effect on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in dyslipidemic subjects is unclear.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of evolocumab on postprandial lipid responses, ectopic fat depots, whole-body cholesterol synthesis, hepatic lipogenesis, and fat oxidation in patients with type II diabetes.

Methods: The trial was a single-phase, nonrandomized study of 12-week treatment with evolocumab 140 mg subcutaneously every 2 weeks in 15 patients with type II diabetes on background statin therapy. Cardiometabolic responses to a high-fat mixed meal were assessed before and at the end of the intervention period.

Results: Evolocumab treatment reduced significantly postprandial rises in plasma total triglyceride (by 21%; P < .0001) and VLDL triglyceride (by 15%; P = .018), but the increase in chylomicron triglyceride after the meal was not significantly perturbed (P = .053). There were reduced postprandial responses in plasma total apolipoprotein C-III (by 14%; P < .0001) and apolipoprotein B-48 concentration (by 17%; P = .0046) and in "remnant-like particles" cholesterol (by 29%; P < .0001) on the PCSK9 inhibitor. Treatment reduced the steady-state (ie, fasting and postprandial) concentrations of VLDL cholesterol by 50% (P < .0001) and VLDL triglyceride by 29% (P < .0001), in addition to the 78% reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .001). The changes in apolipoprotein C-III associated significantly with reduction in postprandial responses of remnant-like particles cholesterol and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol. Evolocumab therapy did not influence liver fat accumulation, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, or fasting β-hydroxybutyrate but did increase total body cholesterol synthesis (P < .01).

Conclusion: Evolocumab treatment improved postprandial responses of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and measures of cholesterol-enriched remnant particles in type II diabetic subjects. These results indicate that postprandial phenomena need to be taken into account in assessing the full range of actions of PCSK9 inhibitors in dyslipidemic individuals.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2019.12.003DOI Listing
December 2019

A higher glycemic response to oral glucose is associated with higher plasma apolipoprotein C3 independently of BMI in healthy twins.

Authors:
Lutgarda Bozzetto Bram J Berntzen Jaakko Kaprio Aila Rissanen Marja-Riitta Taskinen Kirsi H Pietiläinen

Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020 03 15;30(3):459-466. Epub 2019 Oct 15.

Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Obesity Center, Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Background And Aims: Plasma apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3) is associated with higher plasma triglyceride and type 2 diabetes incidence. We evaluated whether body mass index (BMI) or glucose metabolism were associated with ApoC3 in healthy monozygotic (MZ) twins.

Methods And Results: Forty-seven MZ twin-pairs (20 man, 27 women), aged 23-42 years, were divided in subgroups according to discordance or concordance for (a) BMI (within-pair difference (Δ) in BMI≥3.0 or<3.0 kg/m), or (b) 2-h glucose iAUC, during oral glucose tolerance test (ΔGlucose iAUC ≥97.5 or<97.5 mmol × 120 minutes). Within these discordant or concordant subgroups, we tested (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) co-twin differences in ApoC3, adiposity measures, insulin-resistance and beta-cell function indices, and plasma and lipoprotein lipids. In BMI-Discordant (p = 0.92) or BMI-Concordant (p = 0.99) subgroups, ApoC3 did not differ between leaner and heavier co-twins. In the Glucose-Discordant subgroup, ApoC3 was significantly higher in twins with higher Glucose iAUC than in their co-twins with the lower Glucose iAUC (10.03 ± 0.78 vs. 8.48 ± 0.52 mg/dl; M ± SE; p = 0.032). Co-twins with higher Glucose iAUC also had higher waist circumference, body fat percentage, liver fat content, worse insulin-sensitivity and beta-cell function and higher cholesterol and triglyceride in plasma VLDL, IDL, and LDL. In Glucose-Concordant twin-pairs, no significant differences were observed in the explored variables. In all twin-pairs, ΔApoC3 correlated with Δ in lipids and glucose metabolism variables, the closest relationship being between ΔApoC3 and ΔVLDL triglyceride (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions: While ApoC3 was not related to acquired differences in BMI, it associated with early dysregulation of glucose metabolism independently of obesity and genetic background.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2019.10.005DOI Listing
March 2020

Relationship between alirocumab, PCSK9, and LDL-C levels in four phase 3 ODYSSEY trials using 75 and 150 mg doses.

Authors:
Jennifer G Robinson Michel Farnier John J P Kastelein Eli M Roth Marja-Riitta Taskinen Helen M Colhoun Aurelie Brunet A Thomas DiCioccio Guillaume Lecorps Robert Pordy Marie T Baccara-Dinet Christopher P Cannon

J Clin Lipidol 2019 Nov - Dec;13(6):979-988.e10. Epub 2019 Oct 14.

Harvard Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA.

Background: Alirocumab is a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9).

Objective: Changes in PCSK9, alirocumab, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were assessed after treatment with alirocumab at doses of 75 or 150 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W).

Methods: Data were analyzed from 4 phase 3 trials (MONO; COMBO II; FH I; LONG TERM); all but MONO enrolled patients on statins. Three trials evaluated alirocumab 75 mg Q2W, with possible dose increase to 150 mg Q2W at week 12 based on week 8 LDL-C; LONG TERM studied alirocumab 150 mg Q2W.

Results: Patients on background statin therapy had higher mean baseline free PCSK9 concentrations vs patients not on statin. After alirocumab administration, increased alirocumab concentrations were associated with dramatic reductions in circulating free PCSK9, resulting in significant LDL-C reductions and a corresponding increase in inactive PCSK9:alirocumab complex. Alirocumab dose increase was associated with a further lowering of PCSK9 and LDL-C. Patients with higher baseline LDL-C levels (>160 mg/dL) were more likely to have their dose increased. LDL-C reductions with alirocumab were consistent between patients with baseline PCSK9 levels above or below the median when the dose increase strategy was used. When started as alirocumab 150 mg Q2W, patients with PCSK9 levels above vs below the median had a greater LDL-C reduction.

Conclusions: Alirocumab-induced changes in PCSK9 and LDL-C levels were consistent with the known physiologic relationship between PCSK9, LDL receptor, and LDL-C levels, as well as statin-induced increases in PCSK9 production.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2019.10.004DOI Listing
July 2020

Genetic architecture of human plasma lipidome and its link to cardiovascular disease.

Authors:
Rubina Tabassum Joel T Rämö Pietari Ripatti Jukka T Koskela Mitja Kurki Juha Karjalainen Priit Palta Shabbeer Hassan Javier Nunez-Fontarnau Tuomo T J Kiiskinen Sanni Söderlund Niina Matikainen Mathias J Gerl Michal A Surma Christian Klose Nathan O Stitziel Hannele Laivuori Aki S Havulinna Susan K Service Veikko Salomaa Matti Pirinen Matti Jauhiainen Mark J Daly Nelson B Freimer Aarno Palotie Marja-Riitta Taskinen Kai Simons Samuli Ripatti

Nat Commun 2019 09 24;10(1):4329. Epub 2019 Sep 24.

Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Understanding genetic architecture of plasma lipidome could provide better insights into lipid metabolism and its link to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Here, we perform genome-wide association analyses of 141 lipid species (n = 2,181 individuals), followed by phenome-wide scans with 25 CVD related phenotypes (n = 511,700 individuals). We identify 35 lipid-species-associated loci (P <5 ×10), 10 of which associate with CVD risk including five new loci-COL5A1, GLTPD2, SPTLC3, MBOAT7 and GALNT16 (false discovery rate<0.05). We identify loci for lipid species that are shown to predict CVD e.g., SPTLC3 for CER(d18:1/24:1). We show that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) may more efficiently hydrolyze medium length triacylglycerides (TAGs) than others. Polyunsaturated lipids have highest heritability and genetic correlations, suggesting considerable genetic regulation at fatty acids levels. We find low genetic correlations between traditional lipids and lipid species. Our results show that lipidomic profiles capture information beyond traditional lipids and identify genetic variants modifying lipid levels and risk of CVD.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11954-8DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6760179PMC
September 2019

2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk.

Authors:
François Mach Colin Baigent Alberico L Catapano Konstantinos C Koskinas Manuela Casula Lina Badimon M John Chapman Guy G De Backer Victoria Delgado Brian A Ference Ian M Graham Alison Halliday Ulf Landmesser Borislava Mihaylova Terje R Pedersen Gabriele Riccardi Dimitrios J Richter Marc S Sabatine Marja-Riitta Taskinen Lale Tokgozoglu Olov Wiklund

Eur Heart J 2020 01;41(1):111-188

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455DOI Listing
January 2020

Dietary Fructose and the Metabolic Syndrome.

Authors:
Marja-Riitta Taskinen Chris J Packard Jan Borén

Nutrients 2019 Aug 22;11(9). Epub 2019 Aug 22.

Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.

: Consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has increased dramatically in the last 40 years and is today commonly used commercially in soft drinks, juice, and baked goods. These products comprise a large proportion of the modern diet, in particular in children, adolescents, and young adults. A large body of evidence associate consumption of fructose and other sugar-sweetened beverages with insulin resistance, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and hypertriglyceridemia. In the long term, these risk factors may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Fructose is absorbed in the small intestine and metabolized in the liver where it stimulates fructolysis, glycolysis, lipogenesis, and glucose production. This may result in hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying intestinal and hepatic fructose metabolism is important. Here we review recent evidence linking excessive fructose consumption to health risk markers and development of components of the Metabolic Syndrome.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11091987DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6770027PMC
August 2019

Coronary Artery Disease Risk and Lipidomic Profiles Are Similar in Hyperlipidemias With Family History and Population-Ascertained Hyperlipidemias.

Authors:
Joel T Rämö Pietari Ripatti Rubina Tabassum Sanni Söderlund Niina Matikainen Mathias J Gerl Christian Klose Michal A Surma Nathan O Stitziel Aki S Havulinna Matti Pirinen Veikko Salomaa Nelson B Freimer Matti Jauhiainen Aarno Palotie Marja-Riitta Taskinen Kai Simons Samuli Ripatti

J Am Heart Assoc 2019 07 29;8(13):e012415. Epub 2019 Jun 29.

1 Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland HiLIFE University of Helsinki Finland.

Background We asked whether, after excluding familial hypercholesterolemia, individuals with high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL -C) or triacylglyceride levels and a family history of the same hyperlipidemia have greater coronary artery disease risk or different lipidomic profiles compared with population-based hyperlipidemias. Methods and Results We determined incident coronary artery disease risk for 755 members of 66 hyperlipidemic families (≥2 first-degree relatives with similar hyperlipidemia) and 19 644 Finnish FINRISK population study participants. We quantified 151 circulating lipid species from 550 members of 73 hyperlipidemic families and 897 FINRISK participants using mass spectrometric shotgun lipidomics. Familial hypercholesterolemia was excluded using functional LDL receptor testing and genotyping. Hyperlipidemias ( LDL -C or triacylglycerides >90th population percentile) associated with increased coronary artery disease risk in meta-analysis of the hyperlipidemic families and the population cohort (high LDL -C: hazard ratio, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.48-2.04]; high triacylglycerides: hazard ratio, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.09-1.74]). Risk estimates were similar in the family and population cohorts also after adjusting for lipid-lowering medication. In lipidomic profiling, high LDL -C associated with 108 lipid species, and high triacylglycerides associated with 131 lipid species in either cohort (at 5% false discovery rate; P-value range 0.038-2.3×10). Lipidomic profiles were highly similar for hyperlipidemic individuals in the families and the population ( LDL -C: r=0.80; triacylglycerides: r=0.96; no lipid species deviated between the cohorts). Conclusions Hyperlipidemias with family history conferred similar coronary artery disease risk as population-based hyperlipidemias. We identified distinct lipidomic profiles associated with high LDL -C and triacylglycerides. Lipidomic profiles were similar between hyperlipidemias with family history and population-ascertained hyperlipidemias, providing evidence of similar and overlapping underlying mechanisms.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012415DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6662358PMC
July 2019

The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARMα) paradigm: conceptual framework and therapeutic potential : A consensus statement from the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) and the Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R3i) Foundation.

Authors:
Jean-Charles Fruchart Raul D Santos Carlos Aguilar-Salinas Masanori Aikawa Khalid Al Rasadi Pierre Amarenco Philip J Barter Richard Ceska Alberto Corsini Jean-Pierre Després Patrick Duriez Robert H Eckel Marat V Ezhov Michel Farnier Henry N Ginsberg Michel P Hermans Shun Ishibashi Fredrik Karpe Tatsuhiko Kodama Wolfgang Koenig Michel Krempf Soo Lim Alberto J Lorenzatti Ruth McPherson Jesus Millan Nuñez-Cortes Børge G Nordestgaard Hisao Ogawa Chris J Packard Jorge Plutzky Carlos I Ponte-Negretti

Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019 06 4;18(1):71. Epub 2019 Jun 4.

Unidad de Prevención Cardiometabólica Cardiocob. Servicio de Cardiología Hospital el Pino Santiago de Chile, Sociedad Inter Americana de Cardiología SIAC Chairman Cardiovascular Prevention Comite, Santiago de Chile, Chile.

In the era of precision medicine, treatments that target specific modifiable characteristics of high-risk patients have the potential to lower further the residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Correction of atherogenic dyslipidemia, however, remains a major unmet clinical need. Elevated plasma triglycerides, with or without low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), offer a key modifiable component of this common dyslipidemia, especially in insulin resistant conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The development of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulators (SPPARMα) offers an approach to address this treatment gap. This Joint Consensus Panel appraised evidence for the first SPPARMα agonist and concluded that this agent represents a novel therapeutic class, distinct from fibrates, based on pharmacological activity, and, importantly, a safe hepatic and renal profile. The ongoing PROMINENT cardiovascular outcomes trial is testing in 10,000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of HDL-C whether treatment with this SPPARMα agonist safely reduces residual cardiovascular risk.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0864-7DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6549355PMC
June 2019

Emerging Evidence that ApoC-III Inhibitors Provide Novel Options to Reduce the Residual CVD.

Authors:
Marja-Riitta Taskinen Chris J Packard Jan Borén

Curr Atheroscler Rep 2019 05 20;21(8):27. Epub 2019 May 20.

Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Purpose Of Review: Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is known to inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and function as an important regulator of triglyceride metabolism. In addition, apoC-III has also more recently been identified as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which apoC-III induces hypertriglyceridemia and promotes atherogenesis, as well as the findings from recent clinical trials using novel strategies for lowering apoC-III.

Recent Findings: Genetic studies have identified subjects with heterozygote loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in APOC3, the gene coding for apoC-III. Clinical characterization of these individuals shows that the LOF variants associate with a low-risk lipoprotein profile, in particular reduced plasma triglycerides. Recent results also show that complete deficiency of apoC-III is not a lethal mutation and is associated with very rapid lipolysis of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). Ongoing trials based on emerging gene-silencing technologies show that intervention markedly lowers apoC-III levels and, consequently, plasma triglyceride. Unexpectedly, the evidence points to apoC-III not only inhibiting LPL activity but also suppressing removal of TRLs by LPL-independent pathways. Available data clearly show that apoC-III is an important cardiovascular risk factor and that lifelong deficiency of apoC-III is cardioprotective. Novel therapies have been developed, and results from recent clinical trials indicate that effective reduction of plasma triglycerides by inhibition of apoC-III might be a promising strategy in management of severe hypertriglyceridemia and, more generally, a novel approach to CHD prevention in those with elevated plasma triglyceride.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11883-019-0791-9DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527792PMC
May 2019

Role of apolipoprotein C-III overproduction in diabetic dyslipidaemia.

Authors:
Martin Adiels Marja-Riitta Taskinen Elias Björnson Linda Andersson Niina Matikainen Sanni Söderlund Juhani Kahri Antti Hakkarainen Nina Lundbom Carina Sihlbom Annika Thorsell Haihong Zhou Kirsi H Pietiläinen Chris Packard Jan Borén

Diabetes Obes Metab 2019 08 8;21(8):1861-1870. Epub 2019 May 8.

Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Aims: To investigate how apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) metabolism is altered in subjects with type 2 diabetes, whether the perturbed plasma triglyceride concentrations in this condition are determined primarily by the secretion rate or the removal rate of apoC-III, and whether improvement of glycaemic control using the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide for 16 weeks modifies apoC-III dynamics.

Materials And Methods: Postprandial apoC-III kinetics were assessed after a bolus injection of [5,5,5- H ]leucine using ultrasensitive mass spectrometry techniques. We compared apoC-III kinetics in two situations: in subjects with type 2 diabetes before and after liraglutide therapy, and in type 2 diabetic subjects with matched body mass index (BMI) non-diabetic subjects. Liver fat content, subcutaneous abdominal and intra-abdominal fat were determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Results: Improved glycaemic control by liraglutide therapy for 16 weeks significantly reduced apoC-III secretion rate (561 ± 198 vs. 652 ± 196 mg/d, P = 0.03) and apoC-III levels (10.0 ± 3.8 vs. 11.7 ± 4.3 mg/dL, P = 0.035) in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Change in apoC-III secretion rate was significantly associated with the improvement in indices of glucose control (r = 0.67; P = 0.009) and change in triglyceride area under the curve (r = 0.59; P = 0.025). In line with this, the apoC-III secretion rate was higher in subjects with type 2 diabetes compared with BMI-matched non-diabetic subjects (676 ± 208 vs. 505 ± 174 mg/d, P = 0.042).

Conclusions: The results reveal that the secretion rate of apoC-III is associated with elevation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in subjects with type 2 diabetes, potentially through the influence of glucose homeostasis on the production of apoC-III.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dom.13744DOI Listing
August 2019

Crosstalk between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiometabolic syndrome.

Authors:
Soo Lim Marja-Riitta Taskinen Jan Borén

Obes Rev 2019 04 27;20(4):599-611. Epub 2018 Dec 27.

Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Lab, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic condition characterized by fat accumulation combined with low-grade inflammation in the liver. A large body of clinical and experimental data shows that increased flux of free fatty acids from increased visceral adipose tissue and de novo lipogenesis can lead to NAFLD and insulin resistance. Thus, individuals with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia are at the greatest risk of developing NAFLD. Conversely, NAFLD is a phenotype of cardiometabolic syndrome. Notably, researchers have discovered a close association between NAFLD and impaired glucose metabolism and focused on the role of NAFLD in the development of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, recent studies provide substantial evidence for an association between NAFLD and atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic disorders. Even if NAFLD can progress into severe liver disorders including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, the majority of subjects with NAFLD die from cardiovascular disease eventually. In this review, we propose a potential pathological link between NAFLD/NASH and cardiometabolic syndrome. The potential factors that can play a pivotal role in this link, such as inflammation, insulin resistance, alteration in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, genetic predisposition, and gut microbiota are discussed.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obr.12820DOI Listing
April 2019

USF1 deficiency alleviates inflammation, enhances cholesterol efflux and prevents cholesterol accumulation in macrophages.

Authors:
Maija Ruuth Jarkko Soronen Essi Kaiharju Krista Merikanto Julia Perttilä Jari Metso Miriam Lee-Rueckert Marja-Riitta Taskinen Petri T Kovanen Katariina Öörni Vesa M Olkkonen Matti S Jauhiainen Pirkka-Pekka Laurila

Lipids Health Dis 2018 Dec 13;17(1):285. Epub 2018 Dec 13.

Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland.

Background: The focus of studies on high-density lipoproteins (HDL) has shifted from HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) to HDL function. We recently demonstrated that low USF1 expression in mice and humans associates with high plasma HDL-C and low triglyceride levels, as well as protection against obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. Here, we studied the impact of USF1 deficiency on HDL functional capacity and macrophage atherogenic functions, including inflammation, cholesterol efflux, and cholesterol accumulation.

Methods: We used a congenic Usf1 deficient mice in C57Bl/6JRccHsd background and blood samples were collected to isolate HDL for structural and functional studies. Lentiviral preparations containing the USF1 silencing shRNA expression vector were used to silence USF1 in human THP-1 and Huh-7 cells. Cholesterol efflux from acetyl-LDL loaded THP-1 macrophages was measured using HDL and plasma as acceptors. Gene expression analysis from USF1 silenced peritoneal macrophages was carried out using Affymetrix protocols.

Results: We show that Usf1 deficiency not only increases HDL-C levels in vivo, consistent with elevated ABCA1 protein expression in hepatic cell lines, but also improves the functional capacity of HDL particles. HDL particles derived from Usf1 deficient mice remove cholesterol more efficiently from macrophages, attributed to their higher contents of phospholipids. Furthermore, silencing of USF1 in macrophages enhanced the cholesterol efflux capacity of these cells. These findings are consistent with reduced inflammatory burden of USF1 deficient macrophages, manifested by reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and IL-1β and protection against inflammation-induced macrophage cholesterol accumulation in a cell-autonomous manner.

Conclusions: Our findings identify USF1 as a novel factor regulating HDL functionality, showing that USF1 inactivation boosts cholesterol efflux, reduces macrophage inflammation and attenuates macrophage cholesterol accumulation, linking improved macrophage cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory pathways to the antiatherogenic function of USF1 deficiency.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-018-0930-2DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6293625PMC
December 2018

Characterization of different fat depots in NAFLD using inflammation-associated proteome, lipidome and metabolome.

Authors:
Alen Lovric Marit Granér Elias Bjornson Muhammad Arif Rui Benfeitas Kristofer Nyman Marcus Ståhlman Markku O Pentikäinen Jesper Lundbom Antti Hakkarainen Reijo Sirén Markku S Nieminen Nina Lundbom Kirsi Lauerma Marja-Riitta Taskinen Adil Mardinoglu Jan Boren

Sci Rep 2018 09 21;8(1):14200. Epub 2018 Sep 21.

Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Lab, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as a liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome, accompanied with excessive fat accumulation in the liver and other vital organs. Ectopic fat accumulation was previously associated with negative effects at the systemic and local level in the human body. Thus, we aimed to identify and assess the predictive capability of novel potential metabolic biomarkers for ectopic fat depots in non-diabetic men with NAFLD, using the inflammation-associated proteome, lipidome and metabolome. Myocardial and hepatic triglycerides were measured with magnetic spectroscopy while function of left ventricle, pericardial and epicardial fat, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Measured ectopic fat depots were profiled and predicted using a Random Forest algorithm, and by estimating the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. We have identified distinct metabolic signatures of fat depots in the liver (TAG50:1, glutamate, diSM18:0 and CE20:3), pericardium (N-palmitoyl-sphinganine, HGF, diSM18:0, glutamate, and TNFSF14), epicardium (sphingomyelin, CE20:3, PC38:3 and TNFSF14), and myocardium (CE20:3, LAPTGF-β1, glutamate and glucose). Our analyses highlighted non-invasive biomarkers that accurately predict ectopic fat depots, and reflect their distinct metabolic signatures in subjects with NAFLD.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31865-wDOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6155005PMC
September 2018