Publications by authors named "Dermot P B McGovern"

146 Publications

Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Response Dynamics Between Class-I- and Class-II-Specific T-Cell Receptors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Alexander M Xu Dalin Li Joseph E Ebinger Emebet Mengesha Rebecca Elyanow Rachel M Gittelman Heidi Chapman Sandy Joung Gregory J Botwin Valeriya Pozdnyakova Philip Debbas Angela Mujukian John C Prostko Edwin C Frias James L Stewart Arash A Horizon Noah Merin Kimia Sobhani Jane C Figueiredo Susan Cheng Ian M Kaplan Dermot P B McGovern Akil Merchant Gil Y Melmed Jonathan Braun

Front Immunol 2022 8;13:880190. Epub 2022 Apr 8.

F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

T-cells specifically bind antigens to induce adaptive immune responses using highly specific molecular recognition, and a diverse T-cell repertoire with expansion of antigen-specific clones can indicate robust immune responses after infection or vaccination. For patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a spectrum of chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases usually requiring immunomodulatory treatment, the T-cell response has not been well characterized. Understanding the patient factors that result in strong vaccination responses is critical to guiding vaccination schedules and identifying mechanisms of T-cell responses in IBD and other immune-mediated conditions. Here we used T-cell receptor sequencing to show that T-cell responses in an IBD cohort were influenced by demographic and immune factors, relative to a control cohort of health care workers (HCWs). Subjects were sampled at the time of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and longitudinally afterwards; TCR Vβ gene repertoires were sequenced and analyzed for COVID-19-specific clones. We observed significant differences in the overall strength of the T-cell response by age and vaccine type. We further stratified the T-cell response into Class-I- and Class-II-specific responses, showing that Ad26.COV2.S vector vaccine induced Class-I-biased T-cell responses, whereas mRNA vaccine types led to different responses, with mRNA-1273 vaccine inducing a more Class-I-deficient T-cell response compared to BNT162b2. Finally, we showed that these T-cell patterns were consistent with antibody levels from the same patients. Our results account for the surprising success of vaccination in nominally immuno-compromised IBD patients, while suggesting that a subset of IBD patients prone to deficiencies in T-cell response may warrant enhanced booster protocols.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.880190DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9024211PMC
April 2022

The T-Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Inflammatory Bowel Disease is Augmented with Anti-TNF Therapy.

Authors:
Dalin Li Alexander Xu Emebet Mengesha Rebecca Elyanow Rachel M Gittelman Heidi Chapman John C Prostko Edwin C Frias James L Stewart Valeriya Pozdnyakova Philip Debbas Angela Mujukian Arash A Horizon Noah Merin Sandy Joung Gregory J Botwin Kimia Sobhani Jane C Figueiredo Susan Cheng Ian M Kaplan Dermot P B McGovern Akil Merchant Gil Y Melmed Jonathan Braun

Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022 Apr 9. Epub 2022 Apr 9.

*F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izac071DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9047232PMC
April 2022

Precision Medicine in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Challenges and Considerations for the Path Forward.

Authors:
Amanda Ricciuto Ingrid Rauter Dermot P B McGovern Robert M Mader Walter Reinisch

Gastroenterology 2022 Jun 9;162(7):1815-1821. Epub 2022 Mar 9.

Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.02.049DOI Listing
June 2022

Novel Diagnostic Autoantibodies Against Endothelial Protein C Receptor in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis.

Authors:
Yoichi Kakuta Tsuyoshi Shirai Dermot P B McGovern Jonathan Braun Hiroshi Fujii Atsushi Masamune

Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021 Dec 28. Epub 2021 Dec 28.

Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.

There have been many reports on serologic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), consisting of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), and recently Kuwada et al reported a new autoantibody against integrin αvβ6 with high sensitivity and specificity for UC. Concurrently, we had discovered autoantibodies against endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) in Takayasu arteritis (TAK), which is sometimes complicated by UC. Interestingly, this autoantibody was found in most patients with TAK associated with UC, and we found that the positivity rate in patients with UC without TAK was also high, suggesting that anti-EPCR antibody is a candidate autoantibody useful for the diagnosis of UC. To clarify the diagnostic usefulness of anti-EPCR antibodies in patients with IBD and their relationship to several disease subphenotypes and their disease activities, we analyzed the serum samples from patients with IBD and non-IBD control subjects in Japan and the United States.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.12.035DOI Listing
December 2021

Post-Vaccination Symptoms after A Third Dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Dalin Li Philip Debbas Susan Cheng Jonathan Braun Dermot P B McGovern Gil Y Melmed

medRxiv 2021 Dec 7. Epub 2021 Dec 7.

Symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 primary vaccination among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are generally of similar frequency, severity, and duration to those reported in the general population. The symptom profile after a 3 mRNA vaccine dose in the predominantly immune-compromised IBD population is unknown. We aimed to assess symptomology after a 3 or booster dose of mRNA vaccination in adults with IBD. We surveyed participants of the Coronavirus Risk Associations and Longitudinal Evaluation in IBD (CORALE-IBD) post-vaccination registry for symptom frequency and severity after a 3 mRNA vaccine dose in an observational cohort study. In total, 524 participants (70% female, mean age 45 years) reported a third dose of mRNA vaccination through October 11, 2021. Overall, 41% reported symptoms after a third dose, with symptoms generally more frequent and more severe among participants younger than 55 years. The most frequent postvaccination symptoms were injection site pain (39%), fatigue or malaise (34%), and headache (23%). These symptoms were all less frequently reported after dose 3 than after dose 2. Gastrointestinal symptoms were reported by 8.8%, which was slightly more frequent than after dose 2 (7.8%). Those with severe symptoms after dose 2 were more likely to have severe symptoms after dose 3. These findings can reassure the IBD patient and provider communities that the likelihood and distribution of symptoms after a third mRNA vaccine dose are generally similar to those after a second dose, and that the frequency of postvaccination symptoms after dose 3 are generally lower than after dose 2.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.05.21266089DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8669864PMC
December 2021

The T-cell clonal response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in inflammatory bowel disease patients is augmented by anti-TNF therapy and often deficient in antibody-responders.

Authors:
Dalin Li Alexander Xu Emebet Mengesha Rebecca Elyanow Rachel M Gittelman Heidi Chapman John C Prostko Edwin C Frias James L Stewart Valeriya Pozdnyakova Philip Debbas Angela Mujukian Arash A Horizon Noah Merin Sandy Joung Gregory J Botwin Kimia Sobhani Jane C Figueiredo Susan Cheng Ian M Kaplan Dermot P B McGovern Akil Merchant Gil Y Melmed Jonathan Braun

medRxiv 2021 Dec 8. Epub 2021 Dec 8.

F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Background: Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is a highly effective strategy to protect against infection, which is predominantly mediated by vaccine-induced antibodies. Postvaccination antibodies are robustly produced by those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) even on immune-modifying therapies but are blunted by anti-TNF therapy. In contrast, T-cell response which primarily determines long-term efficacy against disease progression,, is less well understood. We aimed to assess the post-vaccination T-cell response and its relationship to antibody responses in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on immune-modifying therapies.

Methods: We evaluated IBD patients who completed SARS-CoV-2 vaccination using samples collected at four time points (dose 1, dose 2, 2 weeks after dose 2, 8 weeks after dose 2). T-cell clonal analysis was performed by T-cell Receptor (TCR) immunosequencing. The breadth (number of unique sequences to a given protein) and depth (relative abundance of all the unique sequences to a given protein) of the T-cell clonal response were quantified using reference datasets and were compared to antibody responses.

Results: Overall, 303 subjects were included (55% female; 5% with prior COVID) (Table). 53% received BNT262b (Pfizer), 42% mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and 5% Ad26CoV2 (J&J). The Spike-specific clonal response peaked 2 weeks after completion of the vaccine regimen (3- and 5-fold for breadth and depth, respectively); no changes were seen for non-Spike clones, suggesting vaccine specificity. Reduced T-cell clonal depth was associated with chronologic age, male sex, and immunomodulator treatment. It was preserved by non-anti-TNF biologic therapies, and augmented clonal depth was associated with anti-TNF treatment. TCR depth and breadth were associated with vaccine type; after adjusting for age and gender, Ad26CoV2 (J&J) exhibited weaker metrics than mRNA-1273 (Moderna) (p=0.01 for each) or BNT262b (Pfizer) (p=0.056 for depth). Antibody and T-cell responses were only modestly correlated. While those with robust humoral responses also had robust TCR clonal expansion, a substantial fraction of patients with high antibody levels had only a minimal T-cell clonal response.

Conclusion: Age, sex and select immunotherapies are associated with the T-cell clonal response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and T-cell responses are low in many patients despite high antibody levels. These factors, as well as differences seen by vaccine type may help guide reimmunization vaccine strategy in immune-impaired populations. Further study of the effects of anti-TNF therapy on vaccine responses are warranted.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.08.21267444DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8669852PMC
December 2021

An Integrated Taxonomy for Monogenic Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Chrissy Bolton Christopher S Smillie Sumeet Pandey Rasa Elmentaite Gabrielle Wei Carmen Argmann Dominik Aschenbrenner Kylie R James Dermot P B McGovern Marina Macchi Judy Cho Dror S Shouval Jochen Kammermeier Sibylle Koletzko Krithika Bagalopal Melania Capitani Athena Cavounidis Elisabete Pires Carl Weidinger James McCullagh Peter D Arkwright Wolfram Haller Britta Siegmund Lauren Peters Luke Jostins Simon P L Travis Carl A Anderson Scott Snapper Christoph Klein Eric Schadt

Gastroenterology 2022 03 13;162(3):859-876. Epub 2021 Nov 13.

Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

Background & Aims: Monogenic forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) illustrate the essential roles of individual genes in pathways and networks safeguarding immune tolerance and gut homeostasis.

Methods: To build a taxonomy model, we assessed 165 disorders. Genes were prioritized based on penetrance of IBD and disease phenotypes were integrated with multi-omics datasets. Monogenic IBD genes were classified by (1) overlapping syndromic features, (2) response to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, (3) bulk RNA-sequencing of 32 tissues, (4) single-cell RNA-sequencing of >50 cell subsets from the intestine of healthy individuals and patients with IBD (pediatric and adult), and (5) proteomes of 43 immune subsets. The model was validated by addition of newly identified monogenic IBD defects. As a proof-of-concept, we explore the intersection between immunometabolism and antimicrobial activity for a group of disorders (G6PC3/SLC37A4).

Results: Our quantitative integrated taxonomy defines the cellular landscape of monogenic IBD gene expression across 102 genes with high and moderate penetrance (81 in the model set and 21 genes in the validation set). We illustrate distinct cellular networks, highlight expression profiles across understudied cell types (e.g., CD8 T cells, neutrophils, epithelial subsets, and endothelial cells) and define genotype-phenotype associations (perianal disease and defective antimicrobial activity). We illustrate processes and pathways shared across cellular compartments and phenotypic groups and highlight cellular immunometabolism with mammalian target of rapamycin activation as one of the converging pathways. There is an overlap of genes and enriched cell-specific expression between monogenic and polygenic IBD.

Conclusion: Our taxonomy integrates genetic, clinical and multi-omic data; providing a basis for genomic diagnostics and testable hypotheses for disease functions and treatment responses.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.014DOI Listing
March 2022

Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immune Responses in Patients with Cancer.

Authors:
Jane C Figueiredo Noah M Merin Omid Hamid So Yung Choi Tucker Lemos Wendy Cozen Nathalie Nguyen Laurel J Finster Joslyn Foley Justin Darrah Jun Gong Ronald Paquette Alain C Mita Robert Vescio Inderjit Mehmi Reva Basho Warren G Tourtellotte Carissa A Huynh Gil Y Melmed Jonathan Braun Dermot P B McGovern Emebet Mengesha Greg Botwin John C Prostko Edwin C Frias James L Stewart Sandy Joung Jennifer Van Eyk Joseph E Ebinger Susan Cheng

Cancer Res 2021 12 10;81(24):6273-6280. Epub 2021 Nov 10.

Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.

Longitudinal studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine-induced immune responses in patients with cancer are needed to optimize clinical care. In a prospective cohort study of 366 (291 vaccinated) patients, we measured antibody levels [anti-spike (IgG-(S-RBD) and anti-nucleocapsid immunoglobulin] at three time points. Antibody level trajectories and frequency of breakthrough infections were evaluated by tumor type and timing of treatment relative to vaccination. IgG-(S-RBD) at peak response (median = 42 days after dose 2) was higher ( = 0.002) and remained higher after 4 to 6 months ( = 0.003) in patients receiving mRNA-1273 compared with BNT162b2. Patients with solid tumors attained higher peak levels ( = 0.001) and sustained levels after 4 to 6 months ( < 0.001) compared with those with hematologic malignancies. B-cell targeted treatment reduced peak ( = 0.001) and sustained antibody responses ( = 0.003). Solid tumor patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors before vaccination had lower sustained antibody levels than those who received treatment after vaccination ( = 0.043). Two (0.69%) vaccinated and one (1.9%) unvaccinated patient had severe COVID-19 illness during follow-up. Our study shows variation in sustained antibody responses across cancer populations receiving various therapeutic modalities, with important implications for vaccine booster timing and patient selection. SIGNIFICANCE: Long-term studies of immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with cancer are needed to inform evidence-based guidelines for booster vaccinations and to tailor sequence and timing of vaccinations to elicit improved humoral responses.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-21-3554DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9060668PMC
December 2021

A role for CXCR3 ligands as biomarkers of post-operative Crohn's disease recurrence.

Authors:
Margaret Walshe Shadi Nayeri Jiayi Ji Cristian Hernandez-Rocha Ksenija Sabic Liangyuan Hu Mamta Giri Shikha Nayar Steven Brant Dermot P B McGovern John D Rioux Richard H Duerr Judy H Cho Phil L Schumm Mark Lazarev Mark S Silverberg

J Crohns Colitis 2021 Oct 26. Epub 2021 Oct 26.

Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Background And Aims: Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence following ileocolic resection (ICR) is common. We sought to identify blood-based biomarkers associated with CD recurrence.

Methods: CD patients undergoing ICR were recruited across six centres. Serum samples were obtained at post-operative colonoscopy. A multiplex immunoassay was used to analyse 92 inflammation-related proteins (Olink Proteomics). Bayesian analysis was used to identify proteins associated with increasing Rutgeerts score. Identified proteins were employed in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to examine ability to identify CD recurrence (Rutgeerts score ≥ i2). Existing single cell data was interrogated to further elucidate the role of identified proteins.

Results: Data from 276 colonoscopies in 213 patients were available. Median time from surgery to 1st and 2nd colonoscopy was 7 (IQR 6-9) and 19 (IQR 16-23) months, respectively. Disease recurrence was evident at 60 (30%) first and 36 (49%) second colonoscopies. Of 14 proteins significantly associated with Rutgeerts score, the strongest signal was seen for CXCL9 and MMP1. Among patients on anti-TNF, CXCL9 and CXCL11 were most strongly associated with Rutgeerts score. Both are CXCR3 ligands. Incorporation of identified proteins into ROC analysis improved the ability to identify disease recurrence as compared to C-reactive protein alone; area under the curve (AUC) 0.75 (95% CI: 0.66-0.82) vs. 0.64 (95% CI 0.56-0.72), p=0.012. Single cell transcriptomic data provide evidence that innate immune cells are the primary source of identified proteins.

Conclusions: CXCR3 ligands are associated with CD recurrence following ICR. Incorporation of novel blood-based candidate biomarkers may aid identification of CD recurrence.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab186DOI Listing
October 2021

Symptomology following mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

Authors:
Joseph E Ebinger Roy Lan Nancy Sun Min Wu Sandy Joung Gregory J Botwin Patrick Botting Daniah Al-Amili Harriet Aronow James Beekley Bernice Coleman Sandra Contreras Wendy Cozen Jennifer Davis Philip Debbas Jacqueline Diaz Matthew Driver Justyna Fert-Bober Quanquan Gu Mallory Heath Ergueen Herrera Amy Hoang Shehnaz K Hussain Carissa Huynh Linda Kim Michelle Kittleson Yunxian Liu John Lloyd Eric Luong Bhavya Malladi

Prev Med 2021 12 20;153:106860. Epub 2021 Oct 20.

Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Despite demonstrated efficacy of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), widespread hesitancy to vaccination persists. Improved knowledge regarding frequency, severity, and duration of vaccine-associated symptoms may help reduce hesitancy. In this prospective observational study, we studied 1032 healthcare workers who received both doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine and completed post-vaccine symptom surveys both after dose 1 and after dose 2. We defined appreciable post-vaccine symptoms as those of at least moderate severity and lasting at least 2 days. We found that symptoms were more frequent following the second vaccine dose than the first (74% vs. 60%, P < 0.001), with >80% of all symptoms resolving within 2 days. The most common symptom was injection site pain, followed by fatigue and malaise. Overall, 20% of participants experienced appreciable symptoms after dose 1 and 30% after dose 2. In multivariable analyses, female sex was associated with greater odds of appreciable symptoms after both dose 1 (OR, 95% CI 1.73, 1.19-2.51) and dose 2 (1.76, 1.28-2.42). Prior COVID-19 was also associated with appreciable symptoms following dose 1, while younger age and history of hypertension were associated with appreciable symptoms after dose 2. We conclude that most post-vaccine symptoms are reportedly mild and last <2 days. Appreciable post-vaccine symptoms are associated with female sex, prior COVID-19, younger age, and hypertension. This information can aid clinicians in advising patients on the safety and expected symptomatology associated with vaccination.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106860DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8527734PMC
December 2021

Antibody Responses After SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Gil Y Melmed Gregory J Botwin Kimia Sobhani Dalin Li John Prostko Jane Figueiredo Susan Cheng Jonathan Braun Dermot P B McGovern

Ann Intern Med 2021 12 12;174(12):1768-1770. Epub 2021 Oct 12.

Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of eMedicine, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M21-2483DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8513793PMC
December 2021

Meta-analysis of gene expression disease signatures in colonic biopsy tissue from patients with ulcerative colitis.

Authors:
Bryan Linggi Vipul Jairath Guangyong Zou Lisa M Shackelton Dermot P B McGovern Azucena Salas Bram Verstockt Mark S Silverberg Shadi Nayeri Brian G Feagan Niels Vande Casteele

Sci Rep 2021 09 14;11(1):18243. Epub 2021 Sep 14.

Alimentiv, Inc, 100 Dundas St, Suite 200, London, ON, N6A 5B6, Canada.

Publicly available ulcerative colitis (UC) gene expression datasets from observational studies and clinical trials include inherently heterogeneous disease characteristics and methodology. We used meta-analysis to identify a robust UC gene signature from inflamed biopsies. Eight gene expression datasets derived from biopsy tissue samples from noninflammatory bowel disease (IBD) controls and areas of active inflammation from patients with UC were publicly available. Expression- and meta-data were downloaded with GEOquery. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) in individual datasets were defined as those with fold change > 1.5 and a Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted P value < .05. Meta-analysis of all DEG used a random effects model. Reactome pathway enrichment analysis was conducted. Meta-analysis identified 946 up- and 543 down-regulated genes in patients with UC compared to non-IBD controls (1.2 and 1.7 times fewer up- and down-regulated genes than the median of the individual datasets). Top-ranked up- and down-regulated DEG were LCN2 and AQP8. Multiple immune-related pathways (e.g., 'Chemokine receptors bind chemokine' and 'Interleukin-10 signaling') were significantly up-regulated in UC, while 'Biological oxidations' and 'Fatty acid metabolism' were downregulated. A web-based data-mining tool with the meta-analysis results was made available ( https://premedibd.com/genes.html ). A UC inflamed biopsy disease gene signature was derived. This signature may be an unbiased reference for comparison and improve the efficiency of UC biomarker studies by increasing confidence for identification of disease-related genes and pathways.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97366-5DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8440637PMC
September 2021

Preoperative Serum Vedolizumab Levels Do Not Impact Postoperative Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Aaron B Parrish Nicole E Lopez Adam Truong Karen Zaghiyan Gil Y Melmed Dermot P B McGovern Christina Ha Gaurav Syal Nirupama Bonthala Anjali Jain Carol J Landers Stephan R Targan Phillip Fleshner

Dis Colon Rectum 2021 10;64(10):1259-1266

Division of Colorectal Surgery, Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles California.

Background: Vedolizumab has been proposed to lead to fewer postoperative complications because of its gut specificity. Studies, however, suggest an increased risk of surgical site infections, yet the data are conflicting.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of vedolizumab drug levels on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery for IBD.

Design: This was a retrospective study of a prospectively maintained database.

Setting: Patients were operated on by a single surgeon at an academic medical center.

Patients: A total of 72 patients with IBD undergoing major abdominal surgery were included.

Interventions: Patients were exposed preoperatively to vedolizumab.

Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measured was the postoperative morbidity in patients who had IBD with detectable vs undetectable vedolizumab levels.

Results: A total of 72 patients were included in the study. Thirty-eight patients had detectable vedolizumab levels (>1.6 μg/mL), and 34 had undetectable vedolizumab levels. The overall rate of complications was 39%, and ileus was the most common complication. There were no significant differences in clinical variables between the detectable and undetectable vedolizumab level patient groups except for the time between the last dose and surgery (p < 0.01). There were 42 patients in the ulcerative colitis cohort; 48% had an undetectable vedolizumab level and 52% had a detectable vedolizumab level. There were no differences in any postoperative morbidity between ulcerative colitis groups. The Crohn's cohort had 27 patients; 48% had an undetectable vedolizumab levels and 52% had a detectable vedolizumab level. There was a significantly lower incidence of postoperative ileus in patients who had Crohn's disease with detectable vedolizumab levels compared with patients with an undetectable vedolizumab level (p < 0.04).

Limitations: Limitations include a low overall patient population and a high rate of stoma formation.

Conclusions: Serum vedolizumab levels do not influence postoperative morbidity in IBD. Vedolizumab may reduce the incidence of postoperative ileus in patients with Crohn's disease. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B574.

Los Niveles De Vedolizumab En Suero Preoperatorio, No Afectan Los Resultados Postoperatorios En La Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal: ANTECEDENTES:Se ha propuesto que el vedolizumab presenta menos complicaciones postoperatorias debido a su especificidad intestinal. Sin embargo, estudios sugieren un mayor riesgo de infecciones en el sitio quirúrgico, aunque los datos son contradictorios.OBJETIVO:Evaluar el efecto en los niveles del fármaco vedolizumab, en resultados postoperatorios de pacientes sometidos a cirugía mayor abdominal, por enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal.DISEÑO:Estudio retrospectivo de una base de datos mantenida prospectivamente.ENTORNO CLÍNICO:Pacientes intervenidos por un solo cirujano en un centro médico académico.PACIENTES:Un total de 72 pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal sometidos a cirugía mayor abdominal.INTERVENCIONES:Exposición preoperatoria a vedolizumab.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACIÓN:Morbilidad postoperatoria en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, con niveles detectables versus no detectables de vedolizumab.RESULTADOS:Se incluyó en el estudio a un total de 72 pacientes. Treinta y ocho pacientes tuvieron niveles detectables de vedolizumab (> 1,6 mcg / ml) y 34 con niveles no detectables de vedolizumab. La tasa global de complicaciones fue del 39% y el íleo fue la complicación más común. No hubo diferencias significativas en las variables clínicas entre los grupos de pacientes con niveles detectables y no detectables de vedolizumab, excepto por el intervalo de tiempo entre la última dosis y la cirugía (p <.01). La cohorte de colitis ulcerosa tuvo 42 pacientes, el 48% con un nivel no detectable de vedolizumab y el 52% un nivel detectable de vedolizumab. No hubo diferencias en ninguna morbilidad postoperatoria entre los grupos de colitis ulcerosa. La cohorte de Crohn tuvo 27 pacientes, 48% con niveles no detectables de vedolizumab y el 52% con niveles detectables de vedolizumab. Hubo una incidencia significativamente menor de íleo postoperatorio en pacientes de Crohn con niveles detectables de vedolizumab, comparados con los pacientes con un nivel no detectable de vedolizumab (p <0,04).LIMITACIONES:Las limitaciones incluyen una baja población general de pacientes y una alta tasa de formación de estomas.CONCLUSIONES:Los niveles séricos de vedolizumab no influyen en la morbilidad postoperatoria de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Vedolizumab puede reducir la incidencia de íleo postoperatorio en pacientes de Crohn. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B574.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000001920DOI Listing
October 2021

Stratification of risk of progression to colectomy in ulcerative colitis via measured and predicted gene expression.

Authors:
Angela Mo Sini Nagpal Kyle Gettler Talin Haritunians Mamta Giri Yael Haberman Rebekah Karns Jarod Prince Dalia Arafat Nai-Yun Hsu Ling-Shiang Chuang Carmen Argmann Andrew Kasarskis Mayte Suarez-Farinas Nathan Gotman Emebet Mengesha Suresh Venkateswaran Paul A Rufo Susan S Baker Cary G Sauer James Markowitz Marian D Pfefferkorn Joel R Rosh Brendan M Boyle David R Mack Robert N Baldassano Sapana Shah Neal S LeLeiko Melvin B Heyman Anne M Griffiths

Am J Hum Genet 2021 09 26;108(9):1765-1779. Epub 2021 Aug 26.

Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.

An important goal of clinical genomics is to be able to estimate the risk of adverse disease outcomes. Between 5% and 10% of individuals with ulcerative colitis (UC) require colectomy within 5 years of diagnosis, but polygenic risk scores (PRSs) utilizing findings from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are unable to provide meaningful prediction of this adverse status. By contrast, in Crohn disease, gene expression profiling of GWAS-significant genes does provide some stratification of risk of progression to complicated disease in the form of a transcriptional risk score (TRS). Here, we demonstrate that a measured TRS based on bulk rectal gene expression in the PROTECT inception cohort study has a positive predictive value approaching 50% for colectomy. Single-cell profiling demonstrates that the genes are active in multiple diverse cell types from both the epithelial and immune compartments. Expression quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identifies genes with differential effects at baseline and week 52 follow-up, but for the most part, differential expression associated with colectomy risk is independent of local genetic regulation. Nevertheless, a predicted polygenic transcriptional risk score (PPTRS) derived by summation of transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) effects identifies UC-affected individuals at 5-fold elevated risk of colectomy with data from the UK Biobank population cohort studies, independently replicated in an NIDDK-IBDGC dataset. Prediction of gene expression from relatively small transcriptome datasets can thus be used in conjunction with TWASs for stratification of risk of disease complications.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.07.013DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8456180PMC
September 2021

Decreased Antibody Responses to Ad26.COV2.S Relative to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Valeriya Pozdnyakova Gregory J Botwin Kimia Sobhani John Prostko Jonathan Braun Dermot P B Mcgovern Gil Y Melmed Keren Appel Andrea Banty Edward Feldman Christina Ha Rashmi Kumar Susie Lee Shervin Rabizadeh Theodore Stein Gaurav Syal Stephan Targan Eric Vasiliauskas David Ziring Philip Debbas Melissa Hampton Emebet Mengesha James L Stewart Edwin C Frias Susan Cheng Joseph Ebinger Jane C Figueiredo Brigid Boland Aline Charabaty Michael Chiorean

Gastroenterology 2021 12 12;161(6):2041-2043.e1. Epub 2021 Aug 12.

Swedish Hospital, Seattle, Washington.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.014DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8359492PMC
December 2021

Commensal bacteria and fungi differentially regulate tumor responses to radiation therapy.

Authors:
Stephen L Shiao Kathleen M Kershaw Jose J Limon Sungyong You Junhee Yoon Emily Y Ko Jlenia Guarnerio Alka A Potdar Dermot P B McGovern Shikha Bose Tahir B Dar Paul Noe Jung Lee Yuzu Kubota Viviana I Maymi Madison J Davis Regina M Henson Rachel Y Choi Wensha Yang Jie Tang Matthew Gargus Alexander D Prince Zachary S Zumsteg David M Underhill

Cancer Cell 2021 09 29;39(9):1202-1213.e6. Epub 2021 Jul 29.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.

Studies suggest that the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy is influenced by intestinal bacteria. However, the influence of the microbiome on radiation therapy is not as well understood, and the microbiome comprises more than bacteria. Here, we find that intestinal fungi regulate antitumor immune responses following radiation in mouse models of breast cancer and melanoma and that fungi and bacteria have opposite influences on these responses. Antibiotic-mediated depletion or gnotobiotic exclusion of fungi enhances responsiveness to radiation, whereas antibiotic-mediated depletion of bacteria reduces responsiveness and is associated with overgrowth of commensal fungi. Further, elevated intratumoral expression of Dectin-1, a primary innate sensor of fungi, is negatively associated with survival in patients with breast cancer and is required for the effects of commensal fungi in mouse models of radiation therapy.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.002DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8830498PMC
September 2021

Antitumour necrosis factor therapy is associated with de novo Crohn's disease after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

Authors:
Adam Truong Karen N Zaghiyan James Mirocha Gil Y Melmed Dermot P B McGovern Gaurav Syal Christina Y Ha Stephan R Targan Phillip R Fleshner

Colorectal Dis 2021 Sep 16;23(9):2416-2424. Epub 2021 Jul 16.

Division of Colorectal Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Aim: Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) have revolutionized the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC) since their approval for UC in 2005. However, many patients ultimately require surgery with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Development of de novo Crohn's disease (CD) following IPAA is an increasingly common and devastating complication, sometimes progressing to pouch failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of preoperative TNFi exposure and the development of de novo CD after IPAA.

Method: A prospective single-centre inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) registry was searched for consecutive patients with UC undergoing IPAA during a 25-year period ending July 2018. Patients with preoperative CD or IBD-unclassified were excluded. De novo CD was diagnosed upon endoscopic evidence of five or more mucosal ulcers proximal to the ileal pouch any time after surgery and/or pouch fistula occurring more than three months after ileostomy closure.

Results: The study cohort consisted of 400 patients with a median follow-up of 44.0 (IQR 11-113) months. Sixty-two (16%) patients developed de novo CD 28.0 (IQR 6-67) months following ileostomy closure. Survival analysis of TNFi era patients revealed a significant increase in de novo CD risk in those with preoperative TNFi exposure. Multivariable proportional hazards modelling revealed two independent predictors for de novo CD development: older age was protective (HR 0.89 per 5-year increase; P = 0.009) and preoperative TNFi exposure was hazardous (HR 2.10; P = 0.011).

Conclusion: This prospective study is the first to suggest an association between preoperative TNFi exposure and the development of de novo CD.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/codi.15772DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8440372PMC
September 2021

Adverse Events After SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Gregory J Botwin Dalin Li Jane Figueiredo Susan Cheng Jonathan Braun Dermot P B McGovern Gil Y Melmed

Am J Gastroenterol 2021 08;116(8):1746-1751

Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Introduction: Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on immunosuppressive and biologic therapies were largely excluded from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 messenger RNA vaccine trials.

Methods: We evaluated adverse events (AE) after messenger RNA vaccination in 246 adults with IBD participating in a longitudinal vaccine registry.

Results: In general, AE frequency was similar to that reported in the general population. AEs were more common among younger patients and those with previous COVID-19. AEs were less common in individuals receiving advanced therapies with biologics or small-molecule inhibitors.

Discussion: Those with IBD and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases can be reassured that the AE risk is likely not increased, and may be reduced, while on advanced therapies.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001342DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8484025PMC
August 2021

Western diet induces Paneth cell defects through microbiome alterations and farnesoid X receptor and type I interferon activation.

Authors:
Ta-Chiang Liu Justin T Kern Umang Jain Naomi M Sonnek Shanshan Xiong Katherine F Simpson Kelli L VanDussen Emma S Winkler Talin Haritunians Atika Malique Qiuhe Lu Yo Sasaki Chad Storer Michael S Diamond Richard D Head Dermot P B McGovern Thaddeus S Stappenbeck

Cell Host Microbe 2021 06 18;29(6):988-1001.e6. Epub 2021 May 18.

Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address:

Intestinal Paneth cells modulate innate immunity and infection. In Crohn's disease, genetic mutations together with environmental triggers can disable Paneth cell function. Here, we find that a western diet (WD) similarly leads to Paneth cell dysfunction through mechanisms dependent on the microbiome and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Analysis of multiple human cohorts suggests that obesity is associated with Paneth cell dysfunction. In mouse models, consumption of a WD for as little as 4 weeks led to Paneth cell dysfunction. WD consumption in conjunction with Clostridium spp. increased the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid levels in the ileum, which in turn inhibited Paneth cell function. The process required excess signaling of both FXR and IFN within intestinal epithelial cells. Our findings provide a mechanistic link between poor diet and inhibition of gut innate immunity and uncover an effect of FXR activation in gut inflammation.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.004DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8192497PMC
June 2021

Variants in STXBP3 are Associated with Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Immune Dysregulation.

Authors:
Jodie Ouahed Judith R Kelsen Waldo A Spessott Kameron Kooshesh Maria L Sanmillan Noor Dawany Kathleen E Sullivan Kathryn E Hamilton Voytek Slowik Sergey Nejentsev João Farela Neves Helena Flores Wendy K Chung Ashley Wilson Kwame Anyane-Yeboa Karen Wou Preti Jain Michael Field Sophia Tollefson Maiah H Dent Dalin Li Takeo Naito Dermot P B McGovern Andrew C Kwong Faith Taliaferro Jose Ordovas-Montanes Bruce H Horwitz Daniel Kotlarz Christoph Klein Jonathan Evans

J Crohns Colitis 2021 Nov;15(11):1908-1919

Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA.

Background And Aims: Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease [VEOIBD] is characterized by intestinal inflammation affecting infants and children less than 6 years of age. To date, over 60 monogenic aetiologies of VEOIBD have been identified, many characterized by highly penetrant recessive or dominant variants in underlying immune and/or epithelial pathways. We sought to identify the genetic cause of VEOIBD in a subset of patients with a unique clinical presentation.

Methods: Whole exome sequencing was performed on five families with ten patients who presented with a similar constellation of symptoms including medically refractory infantile-onset IBD, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and, in the majority, recurrent infections. Genetic aetiologies of VEOIBD were assessed and Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm novel genetic findings. Western analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and functional studies with epithelial cell lines were employed.

Results: In each of the ten patients, we identified damaging heterozygous or biallelic variants in the Syntaxin-Binding Protein 3 gene [STXBP3], a protein known to regulate intracellular vesicular trafficking in the syntaxin-binding protein family of molecules, but not associated to date with either VEOIBD or sensorineural hearing loss. These mutations interfere with either intron splicing or protein stability and lead to reduced STXBP3 protein expression. Knock-down of STXBP3 in CaCo2 cells resulted in defects in cell polarity.

Conclusion: Overall, we describe a novel genetic syndrome and identify a critical role for STXBP3 in VEOIBD, sensorineural hearing loss and immune dysregulation.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab077DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8575043PMC
November 2021

Adverse Events Following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Gregory J Botwin Dalin Li Jane Figueiredo Susan Cheng Jonathan Braun Dermot P B McGovern Gil Y Melmed

medRxiv 2021 Mar 31. Epub 2021 Mar 31.

Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on immunosuppressive and biologic therapies were largely excluded from SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine trials. We thus evaluated post-mRNA vaccination adverse events (AE) in 246 vaccinated adults with IBD participating in a longitudinal vaccine registry. In general, AE frequency was similar to that reported in the general population. As in the general population, AE were more common among younger patients, and those with prior COVID-19. We additionally found that AE were less common in individuals receiving biologic therapy. Those with IBD and other IMID on these commonly prescribed therapies can be reassured that the AE risk is likely not increased, and may be reduced, while on biologics.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.30.21254607DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020989PMC
March 2021

A Systematic Review of Monogenic Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Ryusuke Nambu Neil Warner Daniel J Mulder Daniel Kotlarz Dermot P B McGovern Judy Cho Christoph Klein Scott B Snapper Anne M Griffiths Itaru Iwama Aleixo M Muise

Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022 04 18;20(4):e653-e663. Epub 2021 Mar 18.

SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Science and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Electronic address:

Background & Aims: Advances in genomic technologies have led to increasing reports of monogenic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we systematically review the literature to determine the clinical features, genetic profile, and previously used treatment strategies in monogenic IBD.

Methods: A systematic review of MEDLINE articles published between January 2000 and December 2020 was conducted. A total of 750 individual monogenic IBD cases were identified from 303 eligible articles.

Results: The most frequently reported monogenic IBD genes were IL10RA/B, XIAP, CYBB, LRBA, and TTC7A. In total, 63.4% of patients developed IBD before 6 years of age, 17.4% developed IBD between ages 10 and 17.9 years, and 10.9% developed IBD after age 18. There was a substantial difference between these age groups and the underlying monogenic disorders. Only 31.7% had any history of extraintestinal comorbidity (EIC) before IBD onset, but 76.0% developed at least 1 EIC during their clinical course. The most common EICs were atypical infection (44.7%), dermatologic abnormality (38.4%), and autoimmunity (21.9%). Bowel surgery, biologic therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were performed in 27.1%, 32.9%, and 23.1% of patients, respectively.

Conclusions: Monogenic IBD cases, although rare, have varied extraintestinal comorbidities and limited treatment options including surgery and transplant. Early identification and improved understanding of the characteristics of the genes and underlying disease processes in monogenic IBD is important for effective management.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.03.021DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8448782PMC
April 2022

is enriched in Crohn's disease intestinal tissue and impairs healing in mice.

Authors:
Umang Jain Aaron M Ver Heul Shanshan Xiong Martin H Gregory Elora G Demers Justin T Kern Chin-Wen Lai Brian D Muegge Derek A G Barisas J Steven Leal-Ekman Parakkal Deepak Matthew A Ciorba Ta-Chiang Liu Deborah A Hogan Philip Debbas Jonathan Braun Dermot P B McGovern David M Underhill Thaddeus S Stappenbeck

Science 2021 03;371(6534):1154-1159

Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Alterations of the mycobiota composition associated with Crohn's disease (CD) are challenging to link to defining elements of pathophysiology, such as poor injury repair. Using culture-dependent and -independent methods, we discovered that preferentially localized to and was abundant within incompletely healed intestinal wounds of mice and inflamed mucosal tissues of CD human subjects. cultures from injured mice and inflamed CD tissues impaired colonic healing when introduced into injured conventionally raised or gnotobiotic mice. We reisolated from injured areas of these mice, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Mechanistically, impaired mucosal healing through the myeloid cell-specific type 1 interferon-CCL5 axis. Taken together, we have identified a fungus that inhabits inflamed CD tissue and can lead to dysregulated mucosal healing.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd0919DOI Listing
March 2021

Whole-genome sequencing of African Americans implicates differential genetic architecture in inflammatory bowel disease.

Authors:
Hari K Somineni Sini Nagpal Suresh Venkateswaran David J Cutler David T Okou Talin Haritunians Claire L Simpson Ferdouse Begum Lisa W Datta Antonio J Quiros Jenifer Seminerio Emebet Mengesha Jonathan S Alexander Robert N Baldassano Sharon Dudley-Brown Raymond K Cross Themistocles Dassopoulos Lee A Denson Tanvi A Dhere Heba Iskandar Gerald W Dryden Jason K Hou Sunny Z Hussain Jeffrey S Hyams Kim L Isaacs Howard Kader Michael D Kappelman Jeffry Katz Richard Kellermayer John F Kuemmerle

Am J Hum Genet 2021 03 17;108(3):431-445. Epub 2021 Feb 17.

Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical College of Virginia Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.

Whether or not populations diverge with respect to the genetic contribution to risk of specific complex diseases is relevant to understanding the evolution of susceptibility and origins of health disparities. Here, we describe a large-scale whole-genome sequencing study of inflammatory bowel disease encompassing 1,774 affected individuals and 1,644 healthy control Americans with African ancestry (African Americans). Although no new loci for inflammatory bowel disease are discovered at genome-wide significance levels, we identify numerous instances of differential effect sizes in combination with divergent allele frequencies. For example, the major effect at PTGER4 fine maps to a single credible interval of 22 SNPs corresponding to one of four independent associations at the locus in European ancestry individuals but with an elevated odds ratio for Crohn disease in African Americans. A rare variant aggregate analysis implicates Ca-binding neuro-immunomodulator CALB2 in ulcerative colitis. Highly significant overall overlap of common variant risk for inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility between individuals with African and European ancestries was observed, with 41 of 241 previously known lead variants replicated and overall correlations in effect sizes of 0.68 for combined inflammatory bowel disease. Nevertheless, subtle differences influence the performance of polygenic risk scores, and we show that ancestry-appropriate weights significantly improve polygenic prediction in the highest percentiles of risk. The median amount of variance explained per locus remains the same in African and European cohorts, providing evidence for compensation of effect sizes as allele frequencies diverge, as expected under a highly polygenic model of disease.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.02.001DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8008495PMC
March 2021

Seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study.

Authors:
Joseph E Ebinger Gregory J Botwin Christine M Albert Mona Alotaibi Moshe Arditi Anders H Berg Aleksandra Binek Patrick Botting Justyna Fert-Bober Jane C Figueiredo Jonathan D Grein Wohaib Hasan Mir Henglin Shehnaz K Hussain Mohit Jain Sandy Joung Michael Karin Elizabeth H Kim Dalin Li Yunxian Liu Eric Luong Dermot P B McGovern Akil Merchant Noah Merin Peggy B Miles Margo Minissian Trevor Trung Nguyen Koen Raedschelders Mohamad A Rashid Celine E Riera

BMJ Open 2021 02 12;11(2):e043584. Epub 2021 Feb 12.

Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Objective: We sought to determine the extent of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and the factors associated with seroprevalence across a diverse cohort of healthcare workers.

Design: Observational cohort study of healthcare workers, including SARS-CoV-2 serology testing and participant questionnaires.

Settings: A multisite healthcare delivery system located in Los Angeles County.

Participants: A diverse and unselected population of adults (n=6062) employed in a multisite healthcare delivery system located in Los Angeles County, including individuals with direct patient contact and others with non-patient-oriented work functions.

Main Outcomes: Using Bayesian and multivariate analyses, we estimated seroprevalence and factors associated with seropositivity and antibody levels, including pre-existing demographic and clinical characteristics; potential COVID-19 illness-related exposures; and symptoms consistent with COVID-19 infection.

Results: We observed a seroprevalence rate of 4.1%, with anosmia as the most prominently associated self-reported symptom (OR 11.04, p<0.001) in addition to fever (OR 2.02, p=0.002) and myalgias (OR 1.65, p=0.035). After adjusting for potential confounders, seroprevalence was also associated with Hispanic ethnicity (OR 1.98, p=0.001) and African-American race (OR 2.02, p=0.027) as well as contact with a COVID-19-diagnosed individual in the household (OR 5.73, p<0.001) or clinical work setting (OR 1.76, p=0.002). Importantly, African-American race and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with antibody positivity even after adjusting for personal COVID-19 diagnosis status, suggesting the contribution of unmeasured structural or societal factors.

Conclusion And Relevance: The demographic factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among our healthcare workers underscore the importance of exposure sources beyond the workplace. The size and diversity of our study population, combined with robust survey and modelling techniques, provide a vibrant picture of the demographic factors, exposures and symptoms that can identify individuals with susceptibility as well as potential to mount an immune response to COVID-19.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043584DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7883610PMC
February 2021

Transethnic analysis of the human leukocyte antigen region for ulcerative colitis reveals not only shared but also ethnicity-specific disease associations.

Authors:
Frauke Degenhardt Gabriele Mayr Mareike Wendorff Gabrielle Boucher Eva Ellinghaus David Ellinghaus Hesham ElAbd Elisa Rosati Matthias Hübenthal Simonas Juzenas Shifteh Abedian Homayon Vahedi B K Thelma Suk-Kyun Yang Byong Duk Ye Jae Hee Cheon Lisa Wu Datta Naser Ebrahim Daryani Pierre Ellul Motohiro Esaki Yuta Fuyuno Dermot P B McGovern Talin Haritunians Myhunghee Hong Garima Juyal Eun Suk Jung Michiaki Kubo Subra Kugathasan Tobias L Lenz Stephen Leslie

Hum Mol Genet 2021 04;30(5):356-369

Schools of Mathematics and Statistics and BioSciences and Melbourne Integrative Genomics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gut. Genetic association studies have identified the highly variable human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region as the strongest susceptibility locus for IBD and specifically DRB1*01:03 as a determining factor for ulcerative colitis (UC). However, for most of the association signal such as delineation could not be made because of tight structures of linkage disequilibrium within the HLA. The aim of this study was therefore to further characterize the HLA signal using a transethnic approach. We performed a comprehensive fine mapping of single HLA alleles in UC in a cohort of 9272 individuals with African American, East Asian, Puerto Rican, Indian and Iranian descent and 40 691 previously analyzed Caucasians, additionally analyzing whole HLA haplotypes. We computationally characterized the binding of associated HLA alleles to human self-peptides and analyzed the physicochemical properties of the HLA proteins and predicted self-peptidomes. Highlighting alleles of the HLA-DRB1*15 group and their correlated HLA-DQ-DR haplotypes, we not only identified consistent associations (regarding effects directions/magnitudes) across different ethnicities but also identified population-specific signals (regarding differences in allele frequencies). We observed that DRB1*01:03 is mostly present in individuals of Western European descent and hardly present in non-Caucasian individuals. We found peptides predicted to bind to risk HLA alleles to be rich in positively charged amino acids. We conclude that the HLA plays an important role for UC susceptibility across different ethnicities. This research further implicates specific features of peptides that are predicted to bind risk and protective HLA proteins.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddab017DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8098114PMC
April 2021

Genetic Background of Mesalamine-induced Fever and Diarrhea in Japanese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Kaoru Suzuki Yoichi Kakuta Takeo Naito Tetsuya Takagawa Hiroyuki Hanai Hiroshi Araki Yu Sasaki Hirotake Sakuraba Makoto Sasaki Tadakazu Hisamatsu Satoshi Motoya Takayuki Matsumoto Motoyuki Onodera Yoh Ishiguro Hiroshi Nakase Akira Andoh Sakiko Hiraoka Masaru Shinozaki Toshimitsu Fujii Takehiko Katsurada Taku Kobayashi Mikihiro Fujiya Takafumi Otsuka Naoki Oshima Yasuo Suzuki Yuichirou Sato Ryota Hokari Mitsunori Noguchi Yuki Ohta Minoru Matsuura

Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022 01;28(1):21-31

Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan.

Background: Some patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who were under mesalamine treatment develop adverse reactions called "mesalamine allergy," which includes high fever and worsening diarrhea. Currently, there is no method to predict mesalamine allergy. Pharmacogenomic approaches may help identify these patients. Here we analyzed the genetic background of mesalamine intolerance in the first genome-wide association study of Japanese patients with IBD.

Methods: Two independent pharmacogenetic IBD cohorts were analyzed: the MENDEL (n = 1523; as a discovery set) and the Tohoku (n = 788; as a replication set) cohorts. Genome-wide association studies were performed in each population, followed by a meta-analysis. In addition, we constructed a polygenic risk score model and combined genetic and clinical factors to model mesalamine intolerance.

Results: In the combined cohort, mesalamine-induced fever and/or diarrhea was significantly more frequent in ulcerative colitis vs Crohn's disease. The genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis identified one significant association between rs144384547 (upstream of RGS17) and mesalamine-induced fever and diarrhea (P = 7.21e-09; odds ratio = 11.2). The estimated heritability of mesalamine allergy was 25.4%, suggesting a significant correlation with the genetic background. Furthermore, a polygenic risk score model was built to predict mesalamine allergy (P = 2.95e-2). The combined genetic/clinical prediction model yielded a higher area under the curve than did the polygenic risk score or clinical model alone (area under the curve, 0.89; sensitivity, 71.4%; specificity, 90.8%).

Conclusions: Mesalamine allergy was more common in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn's disease. We identified a novel genetic association with and developed a combined clinical/genetic model for this adverse event.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izab004DOI Listing
January 2022

Pre-pouch Ileitis is Associated with Development of Crohn's Disease-like Complications and Pouch Failure.

Authors:
Gaurav Syal Ron Shemtov Nirupama Bonthala Eric A Vasiliauskas Edward J Feldman Karen Zaghiyan Christina Y Ha Dermot P B McGovern Stephan R Targan Gil Y Melmed Phillip R Fleshner

J Crohns Colitis 2021 Jun;15(6):960-968

F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Background And Aims: It is unclear whether pre-pouch ileitis heralds an aggressive inflammatory pouch disease in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis [IPAA]. We compared outcomes of patients with pouchitis and concomitant pre-pouch ileitis with those with pouchitis alone.

Methods: Patients undergoing IPAA surgery for inflammatory bowel disease, who subsequently developed pouchitis with concomitant pre-pouch ileitis [pre-pouch ileitis group], were matched by year of IPAA surgery and preoperative diagnosis [ulcerative colitis or inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified] with patients who developed pouchitis alone [pouchitis group]. Primary outcomes were development of Crohn's disease [CD]-like complications [non-anastomotic strictures or perianal disease >6 months after ileostomy closure] and pouch failure. Secondary outcomes were need for surgical/endoscopic interventions and immunosuppressive therapy. Log-rank testing was used to compare outcome-free survival, and Cox regression was performed to identify predictors of outcomes.

Results: There were 66 patients in each group. CD-like complications and pouch failure developed in 36.4% and 7.6% patients in the pre-pouch ileitis group and 10.6% and 1.5% in pouchitis group, respectively. CD-like complications-free survival [log-rank p = 0.0002] and pouch failure-free survival [log-rank p = 0.046] were significantly lower in the pre-pouch ileitis group. The pre-pouch ileitis group had a higher risk of requiring surgical/endoscopic interventions [log-rank p = 0.0005] and immunosuppressive therapy [log-rank p <0.0001]. Pre-pouch ileitis was independently associated with an increased risk of CD-like complications (hazard ratio [HR] 3.8; p = 0.0007), need for surgical/endoscopic interventions [HR 4.1; p = 0.002], and immunosuppressive therapy [HR 5.0; p = 0.0002].

Conclusions: Pre-pouch ileitis is associated with a higher risk of complicated disease and pouch failure than pouchitis. It should be considered a feature of CD.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa251DOI Listing
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8218713PMC
June 2021

Altered Intestinal ACE2 Levels Are Associated With Inflammation, Severe Disease, and Response to Anti-Cytokine Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Alka A Potdar Shishir Dube Takeo Naito Katherine Li Gregory Botwin Talin Haritunians Dalin Li David Casero Shaohong Yang Janine Bilsborough Jacqueline G Perrigoue Lee A Denson Mark Daly Stephan R Targan Phillip Fleshner Jonathan Braun Subra Kugathasan Thaddeus S Stappenbeck Dermot P B McGovern

Gastroenterology 2021 02 5;160(3):809-822.e7. Epub 2020 Nov 5.

F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address:

Background And Aims: The host receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is highly expressed in small bowel (SB). Our aim was to identify factors influencing intestinal ACE2 expression in Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) controls.

Methods: Using bulk RNA sequencing or microarray transcriptomics from tissue samples (4 SB and 2 colonic cohorts; n = 495; n = 387 UC; n = 94 non-IBD), we analyzed the relationship between ACE2 with demographics and disease activity and prognosis. We examined the outcome of anti-tumor necrosis factor and anti-interleukin-12/interleukin-23 treatment on SB and colonic ACE2 expression in 3 clinical trials. Univariate and multivariate regression models were fitted.

Results: ACE2 levels were consistently reduced in SB CD and elevated in colonic UC compared with non-IBD controls. Elevated SB ACE2 was also associated with demographic features (age and elevated body mass index) associated with poor coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes. Within CD, SB ACE2 was reduced in patients subsequently developing complicated disease. Within UC, colonic ACE2 was elevated in active disease and in patients subsequently requiring anti-tumor necrosis factor rescue therapy. SB and colonic ACE2 expression in active CD and UC were restored by anti-cytokine therapy, most notably in responders.

Conclusions: Reduced SB but elevated colonic ACE2 levels in IBD are associated with inflammation and severe disease, but normalized after anti-cytokine therapy, suggesting compartmentalization of ACE2-related biology in SB and colonic inflammation. The restoration of ACE2 expression with anti-cytokine therapy might be important in the context of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and potentially explain reports of reduced morbidity from coronavirus disease 2019 in IBD patients treated with anti-cytokines.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.041DOI Listing
February 2021

Prevalence and Effect of Genetic Risk of Thromboembolic Disease in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Authors:
Takeo Naito Gregory J Botwin Talin Haritunians Dalin Li Shaohong Yang Michelle Khrom Jonathan Braun Lisa Abbou Emebet Mengesha Christine Stevens Atsushi Masamune Mark Daly Dermot P B McGovern

Gastroenterology 2021 02 21;160(3):771-780.e4. Epub 2020 Oct 21.

F. Widjaja Family Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address:

Background And Aims: The largest cause of mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains thromboembolic disease (TED). Recent reports have demonstrated that both monogenic and polygenic factors contribute to TED and 10% of healthy subjects are genetically at high risk for TED. Our aim was to utilize whole-exome sequencing and genome-wide genotyping to determine the proportion of IBD patients genetically at risk for TED and investigate the effect of genetic risk of TED in IBD.

Methods: The TED polygenic risk score was calculated from genome-wide genotyping. Thrombophilia pathogenic variants were extracted from whole-exome sequencing. In total, 792 IBD patients had both whole-exome sequencing and genotyping data. We defined patients at genetically high risk for TED if they had a high TED polygenic risk score or carried at least 1 thrombophilia pathogenic variant.

Results: We identified 122 of 792 IBD patients (15.4%) as genetically high risk for TED. Among 715 of 792 subjects whose documented TED status were available, 63 of the 715 patients (8.8%) had TED events. Genetic TED risk was significantly associated with increased TED event (odds ratio, 2.5; P = .0036). In addition, we confirmed an additive effect of monogenic and polygenic risk on TED (P = .0048). Patients with high TED genetic risk more frequently had thrombosis at multiple sites (78% vs 42%, odds ratio, 3.96; P = .048).

Conclusions: Genetic risk (both poly- and monogenic) was significantly associated with TED history. Our results suggest that genetic traits identify approximately 1 in 7 patients with IBD who will experience 2.5-fold or greater risk for TED.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.019DOI Listing
February 2021
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